Response to Hurricane Katrina Essay Example for Free

Response to Hurri green goddesse Katrina EssayOn 29 August, 2005 the category 5 huge Hurricane, Hurricane Katrina rack up USA land. This natural disaster brought massive flood, damaging the property and resulted into high death toll. Although the projects related to the protection of areas by Hurricane were constructed 60 years ago but this exceptional unexpected disaster was the most terrible one in USA history (GAO-06-934, 2006). The disaster of Hurricane Katrina was beyond the expectation of the officials of the pinch commission, which resulted into delay in supporting the realized people and the area by the guards and military. This uncontrolled situation showed the absence of management and lack of the ability to take a quick action by the people responsible to handle the problem because of their unawareness of handling the situation (Cooper Block, 2005). Bureaucratic/ Hierarchical work vs. Network model Professor Charles Wise asserts that effective and efficient runn ing of organizations can be achieved through a combination of strategies and techniques. He further states that the organization must hold all its resources in order to achieve business goals (Wise, 2006).Wise laid importance for the implication of network model rather than the hierarchical model. He explains that in hierarchical model, the decisions take place at the top level without communicating all the levels of organization and there is no evaluation of the progress. Due to this, flaws and unfavorable situations results at the end. In network model, there is sustained flow of information between the different levels of organization, which brings good results in managing any(prenominal) emergency. Waugh and Streib also laid emphasis on the change in the hierarchical model in which only top management contributes in making the decision (2006).The failure in handling the hurricane Katrina showed the unfitness and flaw in the decision making of the hierarchical management (Take da Helms, 2006). Adaptive Management Approach The approach of government organizations of dealing with the natural disaster created a negative impact on the people of America. It showed that serious steps need to be taken in managing any kind of disaster (Schneider, 2005). Applying adaptive management hypothetically following steps should be followed All the problems should be discussed with the stakeholders. in that location should be no communication gap and the flow of the data should be continuous between all the levels of the organization. The strategies should be followed and monitored to get positive outcome. There should be monitored resources. Policies and procedure should be there and should be consistent. Activities for the future should be planned and communicated at all level of the organization and different ideas by all should be encouraged. The management approach to deal with the hurricane Katrina should be a strategic approach. People of the effected area sh ould be informed and educated to deal with the situation.They should be moved to the safe place. Instruction should be communicated by the organization through T. V and otherwise mode of communication before the occurrence of the hurricane. There should be a complete planning. Measures and goal should be set to deal with such natural disaster. There should be training leaved to the people, responsible to handle the situation. The programs for the affected people and victims to overcome the situation and so that they can get back get back in normal condition should be introduced to deal with any emergency created by natural disaster.Recommended Management Approach An effective management approach utilizes different strategies and tactical maneuver in order to reduce or mitigate the impact of a natural disaster. The first step is that adequate preparations must be made for any emergency by the presence of specific contingency plans. Governments must devise long term and short term solutions that can assist in trim back the impact of natural disaster (Wisner, 2004). This could be through the use of technology and administrative regulations that could help and assist people during times of natural disaster.Emergency and gracious services must be adequate and competent enough to effectively and efficiently move to any natural disaster. They must ensure the provision of merry services for people who trapped or injured because of the natural disaster. Stockpiles of essential items and goods must be performed by the local government in order to result urgent relief to disaster zones. Successful disaster management plans utilize a competent and trained force of volunteers (Wisner, 2004). These volunteers can be instrumental in saving lives and delivering services.Response is the last stage of the disaster management plan as it consists of the provision of emergency and rescue services for people who have been hit by the natural disaster. Conclusion Hurricane Ka trina was a natural disaster that severely impacted the people of New Orleans. The poor and slow response by the scouring administration was extensively criticized by the public. The disaster shows the necessity of effective and efficient disaster management programs. These plans must be adequate and competent enough to prevent death and destruction caused by the natural disaster.These programs should effectively utilize a number of rapid emergency and civil services in order to provide relief and aid in the disaster zone. Empirical studies have found evidence that the hierarchical model of organizational change leads to inefficiency and inflexibility. It retards the ability of organizations to effectively respond to emergencies and contingency plans. The network model of organizational change on the other has been found to give autonomy and freedom. This allows staff members to use their creativity and innovation in order to devise solutions for problems.Adaptive management takes a proactive and dynamic approach in resolving problems. It seeks to divide tasks into smaller goals which are distributed to team members. It can be used for disaster management because it efficiently and effectively utilizes and allocates resources. hazard management must be systematically and methodically planned and arranged by the government. It is essential that reducing or mitigating the threat take place at the first level. Similarly rapid response should be developed by swift and reliable delivery of services to people living in the disaster zone.ReferencesGAO-06934, (2006, September). Hurricane Katrina Strategic Planning Needed to Guide Future Enhancements Beyond Interim Levee Repairs. Retrieved April, Saturday, 2009, from http//www. gao. gov/new. items/d06934. pdf. Cooper, Christopher, and Robert Jeffrey Block. Disaster Hurricane Katrina and the failure of Homeland Security. New York Times Books, 2006. Wise, C. (2006). Organizing for Homeland Security after Katrina Is A daptive management Whats Missing? Public Administration Review, 66(302-318). Waugh, W. , Streib, G. (2006). Collaboration and Leadership for sound Emergency Management.Public Administration Review, 66(p 131- 140). Takeda, Margaret B. , Marilyn M. Helms (2006). Bureaucracy, meet catastrophe Analysis of the tsunami disaster relief efforts and their implications for global emergency governance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 19 (204- 217). Schneider, S. (2009). Administrative Breakdowns in the Governmental Response to Hurricane Katrina. Public Administration Review, 65(515-516). Wisner, Ben P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis (2004). At Risk Natural hazards, peoples vulnerability and disasters Wiltshire Routledge

Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay

description Shifts In Students Translated Texts side Language EssayPeople living in this world atomic number 18 divided by their cultures. Language as the part of culture holds an important role in peoples lives beca employment it enables people to express their ideas either by talking or writing to others. In the earlier times, people did non seem to stimulate problems related to the parley since they only needed to communicate with people in the same comm building blocky who had upright knowledge of the speech communication they utilize. However, along with the growth of the age marked by the advance of communication devices and the needs of people to communicate to others offside their communities, the problem of communication starts to occur since people have to communicate with others having assorted wrangles in equipment casualty of its well- conventi adeptd organizes, its vocabularies, and even its spellings. It causes difficulties for people who atomic numb er 18 not accustomed to those differences.In battle array to solve the problems between two different terminologys, people use commentary. Basically, slick is a tool to deliver nub from source language (SL) to target language (TL). To make sure the center is perfectly delivered, a translator must re-construct the school text by translating the words from SL to TL and arrange them based on the structures of article of faith in TL so the structures argon suitable with TL and t present leave be no loss of meaning. Knowing the importance to master reading skills, universities in Indonesia open a subject studying displacement, and one of them is interpreting Skill subject in incline Department State University of capital of Indonesia pore on studying translation between position and Indonesian languages.In this Translation Skill subject, besides studying the theories related to translation such as the process, the methods, and the strategies of translation, students also conduct the activity of translating, that is to translate texts from slope to Indonesian language and vice versa. In order to become a professional translator, students do not only have to master befitting knowledge concerning translation theories but also they have to able to translate different kinds of text from foreign languages, in this case, side of meat to Indonesian language in a proper form which means that the text can be read easily and its meaning remains intact. However in the implementation, students may face problems especially related to the different structures between English and Indonesian because indeed, as Moentaha (200612) states, every language has its specific grammatical and lexical clays.Actually, there many strategies, procedures, and techniques provided by translation experts to solve difficulties in translating as well as to prevent any distortions of meaning and errors which may be conducted by a translator especially students of English Departmen t as novice translators, and one of them is translation shift. Catford (196573) defines translation shift as the departures from egg isotropy in the process of going from the SL to the TL. The shift can occur when a translator is translating a text from SL to TL by concerning some adaptations that is to say morphologic adaptation which causes the shift of form and semantic adaptation which causes the shift of meaning (Nida and Taber, 1969105). Shifts are categorized into two major types, namely aim shifts, the different aim of equivalence between SL and TL items and category shifts, the departure of formal correspondence which are divided into four categories namely structure shifts, unit shifts, coterie shifts, and intra-system shifts (Catford, 196576). analyze those shifts in translation raises the curiosity of the writer to find turn up the types of shifts which occur in English Department students translated texts as well as the patterns of shift the students use to sol ve different structures between English and Indonesian language.Research QuestionsThe questions to be answered in this study areWhat type of shifts occurs in students translated texts?What shifts do superiorly occur in students translated texts?What pattern of shifts used by students to bridge the different grammatical structures between English and Indonesian?What pattern of shifts does dominantly occur in every type of shifts? mapping of the StudyThe study aims at discovering the types of translation and classifying patterns of shifts occurring when students translate a text from English to Indonesian. From those kinds of translation shift and its patterns, the study also aims at figuring out the kinds of translation shift which dominantly occur in the translated text and the patterns of shift which are dominantly used by students to bridge the different grammatical structure between English and Indonesian.Limitation of the StudyThe study go out focus on analyzing translation sh ifts occurring in thirty-five translated texts randomly taken from midterm test on Translation 2 subject conducted by students of English Literature Study Program English Department State University of Jakarta. The writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided by John Cunnison Catford in his book A Linguistic Theory of Translation dividing shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. importee of the StudyBesides can enrich the field of translation in English Department State University of Jakarta, this study is expected to enhance the ability of English Department students as novice translators to translate texts from English to Indonesian as equivalent weight as possible by concerning the shifts they can use to solve different structures between English and Indonesian.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter consists of definition of translation, process of translation, method of translation, defini tion of translation shifts, types of translation shifts, and the use of midterm test on Translation 2 subject as the source of data.2.1. Definition of TranslationTranslation rises as an activity to translate pith from source language containing meaning and words, and to reproduce them in a target language which can be understood by its readers. Although the elements of translation source text, meaning or information, and target text are agreed by translation experts proven by the presence of those elements in their definitions of translation, they have different ways to express the definition of translation.Catford (197820) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). From the evince equivalent textual material above, it can be figured out that the main thing which should be replaced is the information. In other words, a translator has to be assailable of replacing the information in so urce text with equivalent information in target text.another(prenominal) definition of translation is also presented by Nida (196912) stating that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest inwrought equivalence of the source language message, inaugural in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. On that definition, Nida explains clearly that the main activity a translator has to do is to convey the message from source language to target language as natural as possible by regarding its meaning and style.Besides meaning and style, there is another thing which should be considered by translators if they unavoidableness to create a strong translation the intention of the source texts author. The concept is derived from Newmark (19885) who states that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author think the text. Therefore, before translating a text, a translator has to read the whole text to un derstand the intention of STs author in making the text. In other words, a translator is like a bridge connecting the intention of STs author to the readers of target text.A balance between forms of language and structures of meaning which creates a complete incase of a proper translation is delivered by Larson (19843) who statesTranslation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is existence transferred and must be held constant.On that definition, the first activity translators have to do is to transfer the meaning constantly from SL to TL continued by delivering it in the appropriate form of TL to prevent any loss or distortion of meaning.2.2. Process of TranslationBefore explaining the process of translation deeper, one thing to be considered is the meaning of process. Oxford Advance Learners Diction ary (20001050) provides three definitions of process and the first one is appropriate with translation defining process as a series of things that are done in order to win a situation(prenominal) result. Another definition of process is also provided by Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2002899) defining process as rangkaian tindakan, pembuatan, atau pengolahan yang menghasilkan produk. Two definitions of process above can be concluded that to achieve certain goals, there are a series of actions should be conducted. The same matter also occurs in translation when a translator has to undergo a series of processes to translate texts from SL to TL as stated by translation experts below.Larson (19883) provides three steps to produce a translation. First thing translators need to do is to learn the lexicons, grammatical structures, communication circumstances, and cultural contexts from source language continued by analyzing the SL texts to find out its meaning. Finally, the meaning is re -expressed using the lexicons and grammatical structures of target language and its cultural contexts as drawn on the figure belowFigure 1SOURCE LANGUAGETARGET LANGUAGEText to be translated come to the meaningMeaningRe-express the meaningTranslationIn line with Larson, Nida and Taber (198233) also draws a figure to explain that translation has to undergo three processes namely analysis, transfer, and restructuring called leash Stages of Process as shown belowA (Source)(Analysis)XY(Restructuring)B (Receptor)(Transfer)Figure 2On the first stage namely analysis stage, the message in language A is analyzed in terms of its grammatical relationships as well as its meaning and combination of words in the form of X. Secondly, on the transfer stage, those analyzed materials are transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B in the form of Y. Finally, on the restructuring stage, the transferred materials are restructured in order to make the final message fully accep table in the receptor language.Moreover, Newmark (198819) divides the process of translation into four levels namely the textual level, the denotive level, the cohesive level, and the naturalness level. On the textual level, translators have to find the equivalence of SL grammar in TL, translate its lexical units, and put them in the appropriate form of TL sentences. However, there are some words having more than one meaning including idioms and figurative expressions in the source text and these are the task of translators in the referential level, to define the real meaning behind those expressions and put those meaning in the appropriate expressions in the target text. To link the textual and referential level, translators should advance to the abutting level namely cohesive level. In this level, translators use connective words which can unite the text such as conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definite articles, general words, referential synonyms, and punctuation mark s (Newmark, 198823). In other words, to secure the meaning of the text, translators have to secure its form first because if the sentences in the text are not link together, the readers will not get the meaning of the text. Finally, on the last level, focusing on constructing translated texts, translators have to make sure that their translated texts make sense and read course for a certain kind of situation because the translated texts seem natural in one context, may not seem natural in other contexts. goose egg translators can do other than to read their whole translated texts, underline some unnatural expressions, and replace them with the more natural ones.2.3. Method of TranslationIn their approach to distinguish between methods, strategies, and techniques, Molina and Albir (2002507) define methods of translation as the way of a particular translation process that is carried out in terms of translators objective, i.e., a international option that affects the whole texts an d their definition is streng consequentlyed by Newmark (198881) stating that translation methods relate to whole texts, while translation procedures are used sentences and the smaller units of language. It can be concluded that the result of translated texts is determined by the methods of translation used by translators because the aim and the intention of translators will affect the overall result of their translated texts. Newmark (198845) draws the methods of translation in the form of a V diagram dividing them into SL emphasis such as word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, as well as semantic translation, and TL emphasis such as adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, as well as communicative translation.2.3.1 Word-for-Word TranslationThis method is used on the pre-translation point where the TL words are directly put below the SL words as so called interlinear translation. Cultural words are translated literally out of the context. Translators only need to find the equivalent words from SL to TL but the position of those SL words remains intact in TL to understand the weapon of TL and as Catford states (196525) to illustrate in a crude way differences structure between SL and TL for further studies.2.3.2 Literal TranslationThis method of translation is between word-for-word and free translation where the words are still translated out of context as in word-for-word translation but then they are placed based on the grammatical structure of TL.2.3.3 Faithful TranslationIn faithful translation, translators try to reproduce the contextual meaning of SL to TL and place them based on the grammatical structure of TL. Cultural words are translated but its grammatical and lexical abnormality still occurs. Faithful here means the translation attempt to be completely faithful to the intentions and text-realisation of the SL writer.2.3.4 semantic TranslationThis method of translation produces a more natural translation t han the foregoing method since in semantic translation, the aesthetic element is taken into consideration and cultural words in SL are translated into its cultural equivalent in TL. Semantic translation is more flexible than faithful translation which Newmark (198846) says as an uncompromising and dogmatic method.2.3.5 AdaptationAdaptation as the freest form of translation is usually used in translating poetries and script of plays where cultural conversions occur from SL to TL without changing the themes, characters, or plot of ground of SL. Therefore, if translators want to adapt a script of play, for example, they have to maintain the characters and plot of the script while adapting only its dialogues from SL to TL.2.3.6 Free TranslationIn this method, the content of source text takes more priority than its form so paraphrase is commonly used to assure the message from source text can be clearly delivered to the readers of target text.2.3.7 Idiomatic TranslationWhen translator s reach this method, their translations will not fail like translated texts anymore since in this method, the message is reproduced in TL with more natural and familiar expressions sometimes using colloquialisms and idioms which do not exist in SL.2.3.8 Communicative TranslationThis method prioritizes the elements of communication such as purpose of translation and readership (Machali, 200055), so translators have to translate the contextual meaning of SL both its language and its content to be acceptable and understandable for readers of TL who expect no difficulties in reading translated texts.2.4 Definition of Translation ShiftsAs stated on the reach of study, the writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided mainly by Catford added with some other explanations from Newmark as well as Vinay and Darbelnet. Catford (196573) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. Items which can be shifted are gram mar as Newmark (198855) states shift is translation procedure involving a variety show in grammar from SL to TL, and word-class as Vinay and Darbelnet (195864) state transposition is the replacement of one word-class by another without changing the meaning of the message.Newmark (198885) states at least four reasons behind the occurrence of shifts. The first one is when SL and TL have different language systems so the shifts occur automatically and translators have no options but to undergo those shifts as in the translation of English plural form words A pair of glasses to Indonesian singular words Sepasang kacamata and the position of adjectives as in A beauteous woman translated into Wanita cantik (Hartono, 200928). Another reason is when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, for example the initial position of verb in Indonesian sentences which is not familiar in English sentences except in imperative sentences. Therefore, it uses common structures of sentence as in the translation of Telah disahkan penggunaannya to Its usage has been approved (Hartono, 200929). Further, shifts also occur where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter of naturalness between SL and TL, for example the motley of word-class from noun to verb as in the translation of The pursuits of an intellectual life to Mengejar kehidupan intelektual. The last, shifts occur to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure, for example the change from phrase to clause as in the translation of The man with blue jacket is Mr. Green to Lelaki yang memakai jaket biru adalah Tuan Green (Hartono, 200930).2.5 Types of Translation ShiftsThere are five types of shifts provided by Catford (196573) divided into two major types namely level shifts, and category shifts consisting of structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts.2.5.1 Level ShiftsLevel shift occurs when an item at o ne linguistic level in SL has its translation equivalent at different level in TL (Catford, 196573). The only possible level shift in translation is the shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa as in the translation between English This text is intended for. to French Le present Manuel sadresse a. From the example above, level shift occurs when English this as a term in grammatical system of deictic is translated to French le present as a modifier gene consisting an article + a lexical adjective. Another example is from English He is eating a noodle soup translated to Indonesian Dia sedang makan mie rebus where a grammatical structure of English present continuous tense (is + V-ing) is translated to Indonesian lexicon sedang.2.5.2 Category ShiftsOxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000196) defines category as a group of people or things with particular features in common. Catford (196576) states category shift refers to some shifts which share a particular feature departures fr om formal correspondence in translation. Category shifts is divided into four types namely structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts.2.5.2.1 Structure ShiftsStructure shifts grammatically occur at any ranks of language where words, phrase, clauses, or sentences in SL has its translation equivalent with the same rank in TL so only their structures are different. Catford (196577) gives an example of structure shifts in clause rank from English clause The man is in the boat. to Gaelic clause Tha an duine anns a bhata. where their subjects are highlighted, their predicators are italicized and their adjuncts are underlined. A shift of structure occurs since the subject and the predicator of English clause exchange their position when the clause is translated to Gaelic so the structure S-P-A in English is switched into P-S-A in Gaelic. Another structure shift also occurs at phrase rank from A beautiful woman with adjective + noun in English to wanita yang cantik with noun + adjective in Indonesian.2.5.2.2 Class ShiftsClass shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a phallus of a different class from the original item. An example given by Catford (196579) clearly shows a change of class from English phrase A clear house to French phrase Une maison blanche where the English adjective white as a modifier (M) has its equivalence in French adjective blanche as a qualifier (Q) although both of them are adjectives, they possess different functions as a modifier in English and as a qualifier in French. A change of class also occurs when an English clause They insist on higher salary is translated into an Indonesian clause Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji. The example shows that the English adjective of comparative higher changes to Indonesian noun kenaikan.2.5.2.3 unit ShiftsUnit shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL. An example comes from the transla tion of English clause My father is very nice to Indonesian clause Ayahku sangat baik where a phrase in SL my father has a word ayahku in TL as its equivalence.2.5.2.4 Intra-System ShiftsIntra-system shifts are departures from formal correspondence where (a term operating in) one system in the SL has its translation equivalent (a term operating in) a different non-corresponding system in the TL, the shifts occur internally within a system. Vinay and Darbelnet in Catford (196580) give examples of the system related to the singular and plural form of words between English and French. An English singular word advice has translation equivalent a French plural word des concils and vice versa, a French singular word le pantalon has translation equivalent an English plural word trousers.2.6 Midterm tally on Translation 2 Subject as the Source of DataTranslation Skill is one of the subjects provided by English Department State University of Jakarta divided into two subjects taken continuou sly in different semesters namely Translation 1 in the fourth semester and Translation 2 in the twenty percent semester. Both subjects have four credits and are held twice a week. The purpose of this subject is to prepare reliable translators who can translate various kinds of texts including court-ordered and non-legal text from English to Indonesian and vice versa. To reach its goal, students are not only given theories of translation such as definition, process, and various strategies to produce passable translation, but they are also assigned to translate various kinds of texts to train their translation skill and to apply the theories they are studying.In the middle of the meetings, Translation 2 holds midterm test on November 2nd 2012 which consists of two parts. On the first part, students are given two texts and they have to choose the types of those texts whether persuasive, descriptive, or expository as well as to give their reasons regarding their choices. What will be analyzed by the writer is the second part of the test where students have to translate two texts from English to Indonesian titled The Meaning of English Literature and Enhancing the Role of Forests in Adapting to Climate Change as clearly, naturally, and accurately as possible. Although this is a midterm test, students are still allowed to open their dictionaries but it only helps them to find the lexical meaning of words. They still have to pay more attention to find its contextual meaning and to adjust their translations in the appropriate structures of Indonesian language using the strategies they have learnt so far, and one of the strategies may be translation shifts. Translated texts from midterm test are chosen as the source of data because during midterm test, students are translating the texts more carefully and more seriously to produce clear, natural, and accurate translations in order to get under ones skin proper score. It comes better possibility to produce better tr anslation.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter consists of theoretical framework, research method, data and source of data, data accretion procedures, and data analysis procedures.3.1. Theoretical FrameworkFollowing up the definition of translation by Larson who states translation is to transfer the meaning and to change the form of texts from SL to TL, the writer will conduct a study about translation shift in students translated texts. Catford (196573) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. In other words, there will be some changes of form when a text is translated from SL to TL. Newmark (198885) states shifts occur when SL and TL have different language systems, when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, when literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL, and when translators want to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. T he translated texts are taken from English Department State University of Jakarta students answer sheets of Translation 2 midterm test and those translated texts will be analyzed using the theories of translation shifts by Catford who divided shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. The writer chooses to analyze translated texts from midterm test because during midterm test, students will be more serious and more careful in doing their tests to obtain proper score so the possibility to produce better translation is higher.3.2 Research MethodIn this study, the writer will use descriptive analysis as the method of the study. Kountur (2004105) defines descriptive as a kind of research which gives descriptions or analyses over a situation as clearly as possible without manipulating the objects being observed. Therefore, in descriptive analysis method, the writer will describe the data and continued by analyzin g them as Ratna (201053) states that descriptive analysis method is conducted by describing facts followed by analyses providing sufficient understanding and explanation.3.3 Data and Sources of DataThirty-five translated texts in Indonesian language from midterm test on Translation 2 subject will be used as the source of data. The analysis will be focused on the words, phrases, and clauses in the texts as the data.3.4 Data Collection ProceduresData collection is a process of recording an event and gathering pertinent information (La Pierre and Zimmerman, 199739). In this study, the writer will collect the data using interest proceduresAsking for permission from the lecturers of Translation 2 subject to borrow answer and question sheets.Copying the answer and the question sheets.Reading two English texts in the question sheet.Reading two translated texts written in Indonesian from students answer sheets.Underlining words, phrases, and clauses where translation shifts occur to be cat egorized and analyzed later.3.5 Data Analysis Procedures aft(prenominal) collecting the data, the writer will analyze them using the procedures belowDrawing a table consisting of English items, Indonesian items, and types of shift columns as followingEnglish ItemsIndonesian ItemsLevel ShiftsCategory ShiftsStructure ShiftsClass ShiftsUnit ShiftsIntra-system ShiftsName of Students Filling English and Indonesian Items columns with the words, phrases, or clauses from both versions of texts to be analyzed.Determining the patterns of shift on the types of shift columns as shown belowEnglish ItemsIndonesian ItemsLevel ShiftsCategory ShiftsStructure ShiftsClass ShiftsUnit ShiftsIntra-system ShiftsThey insist on higher wagesMereka menuntut kenaikan gajiAdjective to NounListing the types and the patterns of shift used by every student as shown belowStudent ATypes of Shift doPatterns of ShiftAmountLevel Shifts14Grammar to Lexis14Structure Shifts10Adj+N to N+Adj10Class Shifts12Adjective to Noun 9Noun to Adjective3Unit Shifts11Word to Phrase4Phrase to Word7Intra-System Shifts15Plural to Singular15Stating the dominant types and patterns of shift. For example, the table above shows that the dominant type of shift is intra-system shifts while the dominant patterns of shift are grammar to lexis from level shifts, Adj+N to N+Adj from structure shifts, Adjective to Noun from class shifts, Phrase to Word from unit shifts, and Plural to Singular from intra-system shifts.

Food Safety Issues Related to Street Vendors

Food Safety Issues Related to way VendorsIntroductionStreet provender peddle forms a actually of the essence(p) segment of the unlicenced sector of fare industry. As a result of rapidly growing economy and better employment opportunities in urban areas, urban sector attracts a large proportion of population for employment and results in settlement of this section in other areas of big cities and development of suburbs. This suppuration is expected to increase importantly with the increasing urbanization population growth, especially in developing countries. Due to this transition, sustenance habits of people are getting affected. In India during recent years on that point is an increasing trend in the sale and consumption of regimens on the roadside. Though Street diet vending is found rough the world, scarcely it has variations within both regions and cultures.Nowadays route fodder is becoming very popular and is in demand beca purpose it saves ones time and energy a s it is gear up to eat, thoroughfare foods reflect the traditional local culture and is one of the best ways to experience the real cuisine of any community. The Street vended foods include foods without any preparation, ready to eat food and foods cooked on the site. A part from this course food is appreciated for the taste, flavour they offer at low, affordable price to the general population. (Bhowmick, 2005) Street vended foods include foods as diverse as meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, grains, cereals, frozen produce and beverages. Street foods may be sold in places or found in clusters around public places, such as the market or fair, place of work, schools colleges, railway stations, hospital and bus terminals and may be vended from roadside makeshift stalls, carts or scurvy boldnesss by hawkers or vendors .According to food and agricultural Organisation (F A O), 2.5 million people eat alley food daily. The national policy for urban bridle-path vendors/hawkers of Indi a notes that street vendors, roughly estimated to be 10 million, constitute approximately 2% of the metro populations. FAO defines street vended foods as Ready to eat foods and beverages ready and/ or sold by vendors and hawkers especially in street and other similar public place (FAO 1988). According to National policy on urban street vendors, street vendor is broadly defined as a person who offers goods for sale to the public without having a permanent built up structure but with a temporary static structure or mobile stall (or head load). Street vendors may be stationary by occupying space on the pavements or other public /private areas or may be mobile in the sense that move from place to place carrying their wares on driving force carts or in cycles or baskets on their heads ,or may sell their wares in moving trains, bus etc. (National policy on urban street vendors,2004). The move popularity of street food vending, besides its social support system for the under privileg ed urban population is its easily accessibility variety in taste, low cost fresh and often nutritious attributes. People spend almost 50% of their income on food among low income groups this figure may go up to 70% (Bhandari).A study conducted in India in the city of Varanasi, observed that about 42% of working men and women in the age groups of 25-45 and 61% of the students in the age group of 14 -21 consumed food from the street vendors rather carrying foods from home to the workplace . About 82% of people of all age groups select to go to street vendors against 18% only who prefer to go to the restaurants in the evening (Mishra2007) FAO and WHO recognising this spiralling Asian trend, has promoted documents on Food sentry duty requirements for street vended foods and also on Training aspects of safe food for small operator and inspectors. Presently countries like Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia feed put together a structured national program to promote food safety in stre et vended food.IMPORTANCE of street foodsThe concept of traditional street food has acquired new dimensions in developed countries with food streets/ food centres emerging as new tourist attractions. Though street food culture pervades almost all countries of developed regions, the Asian street food is considered as the best in the world.The Time magazine survey of 2004 and the CNN report of March 2012 find Asias 10 greatest street food cities and tell us how the street food make those cities economically bustling and socially charming. Malaysias Penang, Taiwans Taipei, Thailands Bangkok, JapansFuloka, Vietnams Hanoi, Koreas Seoul, Singapore, Chinas Xian, Philippiness Manila and Cambodias Phnom Penh find their places in this list of 10 top Asian street food cities.Street foods play a very important role in providing inexpensive and nutritious foods, particularly for millions in the middle and lower income groups. The FAO and the WHO go carried out several studies on street foods in different countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Besides their wash room and employment potential, the greatest factor in their favour is the fact that they coffin nail provide per capita calorie and protein requirements within a cost of around $1(wilnaro). It also plays an important social- economic role in terms of employment potential and in circumstances the food and nutritional requirements of consumers at the affordable prices. It requires a low capital investment, offers a chance for self employment and provides business opportunities for developing entrepreneurs. It also contributes to local and national economic growth by supporting local agricultural producers and food processors. Thus the socioeconomic significance of street foods is immense.Street foods are an attractive experience of varied foods for tourists. In developing countries, making and vending street food provides a regular source of income for vast snatch of men and particularly women, who lack educ ation or skills. Also the street food vendors are valuable, because it is a large operative area supporting the livelihood of millions of the urban poor. Nothing represents the rich tapestry of Indias multi cultural fabric better than street food. The cuisine of a place speaks volume about the weather cultural life style and habit of the people. The convenience and low price make street food the most favoured choice. Many itinerant workers who do not have proper housing and cooking facilities have no option but to depend upon street foods.Risk factors involvedFood borne illness associated with the consumption of street vended foods has been reported in several places in India. Multiple lines of evidence reveal that foods exposed for sale on the roadsides may become contaminated either by spoilage or pathogenic microorganisms (Bryans et.al 1992A shenafi1995WHO,1984) Food can easily be adulterated to defraud the consumer and deprive him of his moneys worth. According to WHO (1989), F ood discussion personnel play an important role in ensuring food safety throughout the chain of food production and storage. Mishandling and disregard of hygienics measures on the part of the food vendors may alter pathogenic bacteria to come into contact with food and in around cases survive and multiply in sufficient numbers to cause illness in the consumer.Tamberker et.al,reported that poor hygiene of vendors resulted in higher contamination(66.6%), reducing to (33.4%) where hygiene was fare. This higher contamination can be due to dirty clothing, unhygienic handling and serving practices, contaminated hands and lack of knowledge of hygienic practices.Many foods are highly perishable. They are easily contaminated when produced in an unhealthy and un scour environment. Microbiological contamination and spoilage of food needs to be prevented through good handling practice (Ham bridge). More often than not, the microbiological character of street foods, especially that of prep ared dishes and drinks is down the stairs standard, indicating inappropriate sanitary and hygienic practices during preparation and handling. Most of the foods are not well protected from travel, which carry food borne pathogens. Food borne pathogens are recognized as a major health hazard associated with street foods. Salmonella species is a post modern pathogen, which belongs to important food contaminating bacteria, causing a high number of human infections worldwide.Consumption of raw or inadequately processed animal foods can have a significant public health risk as such foods are frequently contaminated with pathogens and occasionally with toxic chemicals. Similarly vegetables, fruits and grains may carry hazardous contaminants. Further, unsanitary environmental conditions like proximity of the establishment to sewers or garbage dumps, pollution from traffic add to the public health risks associated with street foods. Additional hazards may also be in the form of use of impr oper food additives (often unauthorized colouring), myotoxins, heavy metals and other contaminants (such as pesticide residues) in street foods. Infrastructure developments are relatively limited with restricted access to drinking water, toilets, refrigeration and washing and waste disposal facilities.Food Safety Practiceseffects on public healthWith the increasing pace of globalisation and tourism, the safety of street food has become one of the major concerns of public health. on that point is difficulty in ascendanceling the large numbers of street food vending operations because of their diversity, mobility and temporary nature. Food safety issues have been the most wanted intervention in the field of nutrition all over the world. Safety of the street food is an important aspect in the field of nutrition security. Ensuring food quality and food safety is equally significant for the welfare of an individual, a community and a nation. Since this is an unorganised sector, there i s felt need of generating governments initiation for its development. There is also a need of generating food and personal hygiene and ensuring an impelling system of regular health examination of vendors and regular sample collection of food they are serving to the customers. In spite of numerous advantages offered by street foods, there are also several health hazards associated with this sector of the economy. Many human illnesses are food related, because of lack of basic infrastructure and services, such as nutritional status and economic well-being are affected by food carrying pathogenic organisms and their toxins and by poisonous chemicals. Appropriate location and condition of vending stalls, observation of personal hygiene by vendors, employing washed and clean utensils, using potable water and proper drainage and waste disposal are some steps to be taken which can lead to hygiene and safe food. In India, traditional methods of touch and packaging, improper holding tempe rature, poor personal hygiene of food handlers are still observed during food marketing and sales. Consumption of raw inadequately processed animal foods can have a significant public health risk as such foods are frequently contaminated with pathogens and occasionally with toxic chemicals. Similarly vegetables fruits and grains may carry hazardous contaminants. There are also problems with the use of unauthorized food colours and some other additives, as well as chemical contamination from the environment.Various studies have been also done to observe the personal hygiene, health and food handling practices like (vendors not wearing clean clothes, are dirty, chewing tobacco during food handling and do not wipe hands after every service of food.). Bhasker et.al (2004) reported that defective personal hygiene can facilitate the contagious disease of pathogenic bacteria found in environment and on peoples hands via food to humans. Handling with bare may result in cross contaminants, hence introduction of microbes on safe food (FAO1997). Paulson D.S (1994) also reported that outbreaks are generally caused by foods due to poor personal hygiene of the vendors, during preparation or storage of food. Unhygienic surrounding like sewerage, improper waste disposal system and inadequate water supply attract flies and houseflies which further increase food contamination as reported by Chumber et.al, 2007. To instil professional face to street food operators, the street food safety management needs a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and the prerequisite system as good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and good hygiene practices.(GHPs). side by side(p) Table reports current hazards and critical control points observed at the main steps along the street food production chain.TableHazards and critical control points identified at different steps of street food production chainSourceChirag GadiMicrobial hazards and their solution, critical points, practical contro l processing measures and observe procedures as well as principles of food microbiology and food safety need to be incorporated for the safe street food preparation.Standards or Criteria to maintain time handling the food.The standards of street food safety can be upgraded by the vendors through implementation of some basic good practices with respect to hygiene and food handling. Standards for food handler requirements such as hand-washing, working attire, personal hygiene and personal behaviour should be maintained. Standards for food-vending equipment which must be food grade ,easy to clean and sanitize, standards for food serving such as safe food cover and packaging, regular hygiene and sanitation inspection and monitoring of good food handling practices should always be maintained. Kinton and Ceserani(1996) recommended that food stuffs of all kinds should be kept covered as much as possible to prevent contamination from dust and flies.The food safety and standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has started engaging with the national association of street vendors of India in systematizing and professionalising street foods across cities in the wider interests of ensuring public health and protecting livelihood of street food vendors. Also FSSAI is in the process of developing guidelines and regulations to ensure food safety and safe street foods for state governments to implement. The Food safety and standards Authority of India has prepared a checklist, guidelines and prerequisite for registration of medium to small food vending establishment to ensure food safety and upgrading of existing conditions of eating establishments. Several agencies at the level of the state governments, the department of public health, commerce, consumer affairs and food processing, the local municipalities and the police administration have identified roles and responsibilities in these guidelines and regulations that are expected to be executed to ensure safe street foods.Micr obial hazards and their solution, critical points, practical control processing measures and monitoring procedures as well as principles of food processing microbiology and food safety need to be incorporated for the safe street food preparation. Appropriate location and conditions of vending stalls, observation of personal hygiene by vendors, employing washed and clean utensils, using potable water and proper drainage and waste disposal are some steps to be taken which can lead to hygiene and safe food.Policy issues for provision of safe foodAdapting the five keys to safer food to address the street food sector (WHO,2011). WHO has developed a few(prenominal) measures for street food vendors based on the principles of five keys to safe food. These can be incorporated and taught in Indian scenario. These areKey 1 animation cleanKey 2 raw and cooked food should be kept separated.Key 3 destroy hazards when possible.Key 4 prolong microorganisms in food from growing.Key 5 use safe wat er and raw material.The Ministry of Food processing industries has proposed schemes for Safe Food Towns and safe food streets. These schemes aim to upgrade the quality of street food by promoting Indian cuisines at affordable rates in locations of tourist importance through upgrading and creation of commonConclusion care in view the scale of operation of such enterprises, it is quite a challenge to bring about improvements in the street food scenario. Policing action has to be coupled with training. Local bodies have also to provide facilities for safe water supply, garbage disposal etc. The HACCP approach can be applied to keep down hazards to consumers.(Raj.k.Malik)

Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth

Relationship betwixt remote Direct Investment and GrowthChapter 1 plungeingThis hear will give us an opportunity to identify the antigenic determinants of FDI that develops stinting app eradicateage, to understand the importance of overseas direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the frugalal act upon in Malaysia, and to a fault the kind between (FDI) and the frugal suppuration in Malaysia. In this chapter of instruction, the principal(prenominal) personal manner will be on investigate place setting, interrogation objectives, explore questions and also the signifi potentiometert of demand.Research Background1.1.1 The Trend of remote Direct Investment (FDI) meld in MalaysiaThe consanguinity between the additions of FDI with countries has been a arguable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive politymakers to engage in incentives such as merchandise processing geographica l zone and tax incentive in purchase order to rip FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each estate is unalike and failure to understand how a particular proposition sphere jakes draw in FDI will bring difficulties to changes in economy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was class-conscious at 29th largest economy in the adult male with gross interior(prenominal) products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of numerous externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the ingathering of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and verify the stinting annual egression of 7-10% per annum, by the course 2005 the main source of yield was the manu eventuring sector whose sh atomic number 18 of GDP increase to 31.4 percent.The advert driver for the current achievement of Malaysi as economy is the result of policy cleanse which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which compounds the scotch festering of Malaysia. The turn bug prohibited here arouse be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, trim trade zones in early 1970s, and merchandise incentives with open policy in 1980s has led to an mental home of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to make that the political sympathies has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity monomania in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia.This graph illustrates the FDI influx from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This inquiry shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI express in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite wavering between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI influx has decrease because of the mental retardation investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its power point when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that modify m some(prenominal) mhoeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, alone still issues to generate average inflow of $3billion per year.In 2007, Malaysias inward (FDI) accomplishment superpower has reduce comp atomic number 18d to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key ciphers is because neighboring countries such as China, and In dia has such(prenominal) more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007.The table preceding(prenominal) explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of substance inflow of FDI to Asia and by that quantify China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) The conclusion bottomland be make here is that Malaysias reduction inflow of FDI is chiefly because their incentive are becoming slight belligerent compared to other countries in Asia.Problem StatementFDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the life story standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incent ive are that high financial incentive allows FDI to be attracted easier and high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growth. Unfortunately, incentive is non necessary monetary-based like tax exemption barely can be a long term relationship that judges for mutual benefits of both sides. The indorse can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of S placeh East Asia, East Asia and S discoverh Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite the fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Malaysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded proscribe inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007More attention should be effrontery by government, exploreers and policy makers to identify the problem and flummox the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much question has been make to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser investigate has been carried verboten considering world-wide relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance.It is very distinguished for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, whence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More enquiry should be do to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very authorised for more seek to be make on FDI with internationalist relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and non on incentive that only focuses on wampum maximization of one sided benefits.Research ObjectivesThe objective of carrying out this study is as belowTo review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in MalaysiaTo analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia.To evaluate nearly policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia.Research QuestionsThis study is conducted to address the following interrogation questionsDo the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia?Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia?How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia?Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the growth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of server countries. Furthermore, a conceptual mannequin of these variables will be provided.2.1 Review of Literature2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in outgrowth of military countries such as source of crown carry, new job opportunities, diffusion of new engin eering science into state, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies accept been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the antecedent of these two variables. Different methods are use by question to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries.By employ cross-section info and OLS obsession, Balasubramanyam (1996) anchor out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI on the economic growth but this does not view as to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. cross-section(a) info has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by form of property right protection and bureaucratic might in host expanse leads to a positive outcome of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998)In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression manikin to analyse the achievement of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows selective information from industrial countries to 69 ontogeny countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential instruction that shown FDI plays an measurable role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively raise overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) develop economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and economic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly hooklike on the availability of kind-hearted crownwork in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time serial and card entropy fixed effects for a sample distribution of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out lit tle result showing positive effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country.There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro perceptual constancy and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality between FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other counsel around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that speedy economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country.Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series entropy from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006),In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel entropy to study Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out in that respect is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic maturement depend on the countrys stability condition.Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI.In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product hertz hypothesis which relates to trade possible action by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that competition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth.2.1.2 economical growth in MalaysiaExport growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI ) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countrys income, non-export production of goods, vision allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor. Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an good factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an powerful development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985).However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI that promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time info series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countrys policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around.In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial grocery store, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI affect economic growth by using single and synchronous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified,Human capital has confirming interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth i n developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countriesAnother study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP.Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both long-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. A ng (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow.2.2 Theoretical FrameworkForeign direct investment (FDI)Independent variable babelike variableTechnology advancementEconomic growth in MalaysiaHuman CapitalPolicy developmentSocialGDP2.2.1 Analysis pathThis framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the separate variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationship of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country.The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by f oreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia.Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY3.0 IntroductionThis section describes the research methodology use in the study to entry the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, create by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia.3.1 Data3.1.1 Data ResourcesAccording to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is placid specially for the purpose of answering research question, while indirect data can be define as existing data get winded in order to answer different research project. Se condary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is infallible for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowledge to form research externalise and also answering our research questions in a more in depth scale.3.1.2 Data Analysis ProcedureIn order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us w ith the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make adduces for our research topic. profits network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the program library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions.3.2 Hypothesis unreal hypothesisH0 FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth.Alternate hypothesisH1 FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth.Technology advancement is e ssential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to eastern et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of valet capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on the availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth.Null hypothesisH0 Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the countryAlternate hypothesisH2 Eco nomic stability is important to attract FDI into the country some(prenominal) countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and suppo rt factor of economic growth.Null hypothesisH0 significance of policy does not promote economic growth.Alternate hypothesisH3 Implication of policy does promote economic growthImplication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture which give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology.3.3 LimitationTheoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia c ould have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic.In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely stainless to reflect the full termination of FDI on Malaysias economy growth. Since this research is mainly dependent on opinions of researchers around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world.4.0 Ethical ConsiderationBefore the research is done, respondents will be notified re garding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become affair of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission is granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report.Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and GrowthRelationship between Foreign Direct Investment and GrowthChapter 1 INTRODUCTIONThis study w ill give us an opportunity to identify the determinants of FDI that develops economic growth, to understand the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the economic growth in Malaysia, and also the relationship between (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. In this chapter of study, the main focus will be on research background, research objectives, research questions and also the significant of study.Research Background1.1.1 The Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flow in MalaysiaThe relationship between the growths of FDI with countries has been a debatable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive policymakers to engage in incentives such as export processing zone and tax incentive in order to attract FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each country is different and failure to understand how a specific country can attract FDI will bring difficulties to changes in econ omy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was ranked at 29th largest economy in the world with gross domestic products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of many externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the growth of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and maintain the economic annual growth of 7-10% per annum, by the year 2005 the main source of growth was the manufacturing sector whose share of GDP increase to 31.4 percent.The key driver for the ongoing performance of Malaysias economy is the result of policy reform which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which enhances the economic growth of Malaysia. The evidence here can be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, free trade zones in early 1970s, and export incentives w ith open policy in 1980s has led to an establishment of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to show that the government has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia.This graph illustrates the FDI inflow from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This research shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI stock in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite fluctuation between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI inflow has decrease because of the slowdown investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its peak when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that affected many Southeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, but still manages to generate average inflow of $3billion per year.In 2007, Malaysias inward (FDI) performance index has reduce compared to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key factors is because neighboring countries such as China, and India has much more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007.The table above explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of total inflow of FDI to Asia and by that time China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) Th e conclusion can be made here is that Malaysias reduction inflow of FDI is mainly because their incentive are becoming less competitive compared to other countries in Asia.Problem StatementFDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the living standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incentive are that high monetary incentive allows FDI to be attracted easier and high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growth. Unfortunately, incentive is not necessary monetary-based like tax exemption but can be a long term relationship that seeks for mutual benefits of both sides. The evidence can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of South East Asia, East Asia and South Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite t he fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Malaysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded negative inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007More attention should be given by government, researchers and policy makers to identify the problem and produce the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much research has been done to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser research has been carried out considering international relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance.It is very important for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, hence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More research should be done to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very important for more research to be done on FDI with international relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and not on incentive that only focuses on profit maximization of one sided benefits.Research ObjectivesThe objective of carrying out this study is as belowTo review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in MalaysiaTo analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia.To evaluate some policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia.Research QuestionsThis study is conducted to address the following research questionsDo the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia?Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia?How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia?Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the g rowth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of host countries. Furthermore, a conceptual framework of these variables will be provided.2.1 Review of Literature2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in development of host countries such as source of capital, new job opportunities, diffusion of new technology into country, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies have been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the causality of these two variables. Different methods are use by research to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries.By using cross-section data and OLS regression, Balasubramanyam (1996) found out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI o n the economic growth but this does not apply to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. Cross-sectional data has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by degree of property right protection and bureaucratic efficiency in host country leads to a positive effect of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998)In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression framework to analyse the effect of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows data from industrial countries to 69 developing countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential information that shown FDI plays an important role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively boost overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) developing economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and econom ic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly dependent on the availability of human capital in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time series and panel data fixed effects for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out little result showing positive effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country.There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro stability and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality betw een FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other way around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that rapid economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country.Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series data from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006),In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel data to stu dy Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out there is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic development depend on the countrys stability condition.Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI.In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product cycle hypothesis which relates to trade theory by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that co mpetition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth.2.1.2 Economic growth in MalaysiaExport growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countrys income, non-export production of goods, resource allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor. Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an effective factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an effective development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985).However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI tha t promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time data series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countrys policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around.In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial market, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI a ffect economic growth by using single and simultaneous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified,Human capital has indirect interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth in developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countriesAnother study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP.Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both l ong-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. Ang (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow.2.2 Theoretical FrameworkForeign direct investment (FDI)Independent variable Dependent variableTechnology advancementEconomic growth in MalaysiaHuman CapitalPolicy developmentSocialGDP2.2.1 Analysis pathThis framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the independent variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationshi p of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country.The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by foreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia.Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY3.0 IntroductionThis section describes the research methodology use in the study to access the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, published by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between F DI and economic growth in Malaysia.3.1 Data3.1.1 Data ResourcesAccording to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is collected specially for the purpose of answering research question, while secondary data can be define as existing data collected in order to answer different research project. Secondary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is needed for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowled ge to form research design and also answering our research questions in a more in depth scale.3.1.2 Data Analysis ProcedureIn order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us with the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make references for our research topic. Internet network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions.3.2 HypothesisNull hypothesisH0 FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth.Alternate hypothesisH1 FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth.Technology advancement is essential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to Easterly et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of human capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on th e availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth.Null hypothesisH0 Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the countryAlternate hypothesisH2 Economic stability is important to attract FDI into the countryMany countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and complement factor of economic growth.Null hypothesisH0 Implication of policy does not promote economic growth.Alternate hypothesisH3 Implication of policy does promote economic growthImplication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture whic h give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology.3.3 LimitationTheoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia could have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic.In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely completed to reflect the full extent of FDI on Malaysias economy growth. Since this research is mainly dep endent on opinions of researchers around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world.4.0 Ethical ConsiderationBefore the research is done, respondents will be notified regarding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become subject of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission i s granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report.

Hamlets Themes Revived in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

small towns Themes Revived in Great Expectations Many of Hamlets themes are revived in the schoolbook of Great Expectations. Charles ogre creates characters and plots that are intertextually linked with the elements of the fatherly ghost and revenge in Hamlet. Pip chronicles his quest for self-discovery and establishing and/or diminishing his relationships with fatherly figures. In doing so he, much like Hamlet, is challenged by situations filled with revenge and dauntless ghosts. By Dickens integrating the Hamlet motif into Great Expectations, he promotes the readers understanding of the dominant allele themes and message of Pips tragedy, which directly correlate to the character of Prince Hamlet. Dickens makes references to Hamlet throughout the novel, precisely he establishes strong parallels particularly in the first and thirty-first chapters of his novel. Furthermore, Dickens dedicates chapter thirty-one to an actual performance of the play. He connects the rol es the reader is to recognize Pip portraying in his life to the actors and scenes being comically reenacted on stage. In range for Dickens to emphasize Pips inconsistent identity, he relies on a commentary on each of the boys attempts to play the role of someone else. Besides the resonance of Prince Hamlet in Pips character, the fatherly figures of Joe and Magwitch are drawn in the image of the Ghost of Hamlets father. Both Hamlet and Great Expectations bear the struggles of young men striving to receive their obligations to a unforgiving father figure. The fatherly figures propel their sons to attain the place in society which they lacked a chance to themselves, but the fatherly intentions only behave to Hamlet and Pips self-destruction. Hamlet is defeated by his contempt and lust to satisfy the revenge his father seeks through him. In Great Expectations, Pip is given the rose-cheeked opportunity to escape the constraint of revenge despite a difficult journey, he ultimately succeeds in becoming a gentleman. Pip, unlike Hamlet, learns to avoid the vengeful behavior which soured his expectations rather he accepts the just father figure of Joe and distinguishes his identity. Parallels to Hamlet can be drawn throughout the text of Great Expectations, but the issues that relentlessly plague Pip and Hamlet are both introduced in the novels first chapter.

Who Needs Friends? :: Friendship Essay

How Needs Friends?As the plane taxied to the runway, I found myself sitting alone with two empty seating next to me. Oh, joy. I fluffed my pillow, retrieved my book, and stretched myself out under a blanket. All was good. If I had had any idea that the seating arrangement was to be the highlight of my trip, I index have just stayed on the airplane. In making plans for this trip, I forgot that life seldom works out according to nice and tidy plans. Life is, in fact, usually messy. The best vacations arent always the ones really taken but are instead sometimes the ones you take only in your imagination. Judy, Lois and I met when each of our lives was in upheaval. Between us, two marriages ended in divorce, one parent died, one daughter moved across the country, one car was repossessed, one house ruin down (it wasnt my fault), and one I.R.S. audit was threatening. Together we had been, if not to hell, at least to purgatory and back. Our friendship seemed solid and assured even when a fter remarrying, Lois decided to move to uniting Carolina to be near her family, especially her daughter. This daughter, this wicked girl, waited until the U-haul pulled up, car in tow, to announce that in six months she was getting married and moving to Texas. For Judy and me, it meant a trip, an engagement not to be missed. The three of us together again was going to be grand. I could hardly wait. I imagined Id hop on the red-eye and be in Asheville for breakfast. A reunion of unprecedented glee would ensue. After that, we would check out the wedding site, see the monuments to the citys Civil War soldiers, and check out the local water hole. Later, there would be the meeting with the family and the fulfillment of other pleasantries. Then we would talk into the night, sipping bourbon and tittering quietly so as not to wake the household. The wedding was schedule for Saturday morning, and I thought it could be potentially awkward for Lois. You see, Lois first husband, Hank, the fa ther of the bride, would be there. Lois second husband, Henry, the man she left-hand(a) Hank for, would be there. Lois third husband, Steven, the man she left Henry for, would be there, too. The only task Judy and I would have was keeping the three husbands at equal distance from each other.