Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the National Curriculum Essay

Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the issue broadcast I sh completely maintain in this essay that the civic education proposed in the new National political platform subject called Citizenship is not in accordance with the educational aims and formulas relegated in The Education Reform roleplay, 1988, in which the National Curriculum itself was established. I shall argue further that the present institutional arrangements for the altogether of education be contrary to the spirit of the civic education outline in Citizenship. To pursue the argument I shall draw on illusion Rawls insight that, in a modern democracy such as that in the UK, the idea of a parliamentary state with a single generally agreed moral or religious doctrine is no endless useful. In Political Liberalism he writes about this notion That foundation of social unity is excluded by the fact of reasonable pluralism it is no longer a political possibility for those who accept the constraints of liberty and toleration of democratic institutions. (p.201)He uses the notion of judge as fairness to indicate how the state may deal justly with its citizens in a pluralist society. He defines justice as fairness in terms of two principles of justice. The first is that all people must have the same political rights and liberties. The second principle is that of equality of opportunity. Rawls then restricts the sphere of influence of these principles to that of political, social and sparing institutions. This stake he calls political liberalism. He maintains that this political liberalism should be seen as a freestanding moral system applicable only to political, social and economic institutions. This is somewhat difficult to swallow if only in terms of precisely how this limit... ...ply to all pupils. Pupils do not receive the same civic education. Fourth, the institutions are not freely available in terms of fair contest although both systems are state controlled. If, therefore, equ ality of opportunity is indeed single of a broad set of common values and purposes which underpin the inform curriculum and the work of the school as the Secretary of State claims, then I submit that both our flow rate National Curriculum and our current institutional arrangements are not in line with this value, and that, therefore, the aims of Citizenship are supposed(prenominal) to be realised. BibliographyRAWLS, J. (1996) Political Liberalism, Columbia University Press, New York, Chicago, ChichesterEducation Reform Act 1988 Secretary of States Preface and opening sectionsNational Curriculum Values 2002Citizenship, Programme of Study Key Stage 4

Disorder of Society in Twelfth Night

Your lord does know my mind I cannot fuck him hitherto I suppose him virtuous, know him noble, of great farming, of fresh and stainless y pophfulness in voices well divulged, free, learned, and valiant and in dimension and the shape of temper a gracious person but yet I cannot bash him (Greenbelts, 1. 5. 234-239). Olivia defies the curriculumic federal agency of women- marriage. A marriage to the count would be intimately prosperous to her, as she will have the higher status and discover of existence a married wo art object. He is a man most(prenominal) women would love to belong to, and yet, she continu eachy refuses his attempts to win her over.She is a literary foil, In m either respects, for the queen, who also refused claims of love and adoration. Olav did not want to be ruled. after the death of her priapic relations, she found a new sort of license In the realization that she could make It on her own. Her social rank aloneowed her the placelook to remain th e pitsgle and maintain a high standard of living. However, her persuasion was not one that all women could claim for themselves. Single women of the time were the ones who were oned out as witches, and held as suspicious in the event of strange occurrences.Acts of hopelessness ensue in the maintenance of freedom in a knowledge domain dominated by men. In an attempt to gain the love of caesarian delivery, who is in reality genus Viola, Olivia says to him, By maidenhood, honor, truth, and everything, I love thee so, that, meager all thy pride, not wit nor reason can my passion hide (3. 1 . 147-149). She has overstepped the boundaries of being a demure, quietly submissive woman, as she charges forward In her passions. She has propel all caution to the wind as she sets out to woo the man herself.The role of wooing, traditionally a mans Job, was upset by the forcefulness of this woman. In mom expressive styles she could be considered an early feminist, as she strove to maintain her independence and identity apart from male dominance. She no longer c ars what eitherone may imagine of her rash display of passions, as she fulfills the typically male stereotypes. Olivia wanted Ces arean because he was, as Viola had put it, her servant. Cesarean was not higher up her in any way. Olivia saw he was different, as he didnt pine away after her for her beauty, as others did.He was young and entertaining to her way of life, and proclivity for freedom. panic can cause one to question his personal decisions. When faced with the supposed wrath of Sir Andrew, and his sword, Viola said, l shall be much bound to you stronghold I am one that had rather go with sir priest than sir buck I care not who knows so much of my mettle (3. 4. 247-249). Viola upended her role as a man by giving up the idea of valor and courage. She showed weakness In her society, where men are praised for courage and strength, all marks of manliness.In her desire for peace rather than tum ultuousness and triumph, she adheres to her being one or the other, but wavers in her ways. She does not odour a need to prove herself in any way that would needlessly place her in the face of danger. In victorious on the role of a man, she has failed in respect of living up to the stereotypical male standard of courage. She would rather have revealed herself for who she really was in articulate to throw her life. And yet, she was not completely devoid of courage, as she was willing to face the uncertainties that could be in the event that she confessed.Cross-dressing in Elizabethan society was taboo. King henry VIII had established a law that people were to dress in spite of appearance their rank, as in his mind it was the fit out that made the man, which, in Violas case, the clothes did make the man. The act of a woman dressing as a man caused people to question her character. She was often considered to be a prostitute, and when discovered, the sin was punishable with whip ping, before she would be locked away in a infirmary where she would be forced into hard labor. Even with this thought in mind, Violas desire to undergo the change and take over on a manly dissolve won out. O that I served that lady, and might not be delivered to the demesne till I had made mine own occasion mellow, what my estate is (1. 2. 40-43) With her male relations presumably dead, she, as a lower rank Oman than the Lady Olivia, knew that women had no place in society, and no ability to get anything. She was, by law, left destitute. She admired Olives ability to remain single, even in accepting the ridicule of an intolerant society. Viola represents in many ways, the women chase who worshipped the queens ability and desire to withstand the pressures of society.Accepted societal norms can admit to intolerance toward new ideas. O, she that hath a heart of that fine frame to recompense this debt of love but to a brother, how will she love, when the rich golden jazz hath killed the flock of al affections else that live in her when liver, brain, and heart, these sovereign thrones, are all supplied, and filled her sweet perfections, with one self king (1. 1. 33-39) Olivia is considered noble to translate up a supposed desire to marry out of love for her deceased brother. These thoughts toward her devotion are in stark contrast to the thoughts toward Elizabeth l.Because Elizabethan passion was to lead her country to peace and maintain the mogul, she was considered grotesque, as any woman who wielded power would have been. Had Olivia expressed an inclination award power rather than grief, she would likely have been received in a resembling manner. Yet because she attributed her desire for singleness to the womanly traits of devotion and love, and in the said(prenominal) manner, grief, she was considered the epitome of womanly graces. Her true desire was, however, to maintain a understanding of self beyond the dependence on a lording male figure.Sh akespeare seems to be praising Elizabethan desire for chastity in the same way that the count praises Olives love, as everything she felt was brought under the power of a single passion. Extremist attitudes attempt to permeate the high social ranks in arrangement to gain ground. Maillot portrays the classic image of a prude. As Olives servant, he dreams of greatness, and wants zero point else than to marry his mistress. The notion is in itself absurd, as there are societal norms that would prevent such an unfortunate marriage.Although social mobility was beginning to take place, there was still a division among the classes. It would have been quite out of place for a woman of Olives status to marry one so far beneath her. Yet, imagining how it would be between him and her uncle, Sir Toby thus, quenching my old(prenominal) smile with an austere regard of go steady You must amend your intoxication (2. 5. 9-60, 66). The puritan church was considered quite prudish by many. Its leg alism and disregard for all things not solemn caused such things as the closing of the theaters in capital of the United Kingdom in 1596.Maillots desire to gain the admiration of Olivia correlates to the desire by the Puritan leaders to gain the admiration of the nobility. In this way they hoped to gain control and wield their influence over society, including the aristocracy. For if it was on an equal level at bottom the hierarchy, it could not be so easily disregarded as the Catholic Church had been at times, such as when Henry VIII title himself head of the church. The upset in the social hierarchy led to one million million being deemed insane for sentiment that he could reach these ends.The supposed order of hierarchy can be upset through logic. Mourning the death of her brother, Olivia finds herself in a mental headlock with Fest the Fool. Take the fool away Do not hear, fellows? Take away the lady (1 Fest has challenged the respected status of the aristocracy, by turning the tables and claiming Olivia is the fool. In this way he has placed himself above her, taking on the role of wisdom that was reserved for the educated church and nobility. He has essentially placed her at the bottom of the hierarchy, as a common unable to reason for herself.This upheaval to the order of societal norms takes place in a caravansaries pageant. Caravansaries behavior usually ensued before an ordained church vacation from a desire to break out of the cloister of decency expected in daily living and therefore breach the social barriers. Mockery of morality and the nobility took place through costume, lewdness, and focus on the negative aspects of benevolent behavior. Such behavior was protected under the realm of carnival, Just as the fools behavior, at times disrespectful, was deemed appropriate under the safety of his title.This attack on Olives wisdom proves to be truer than when it was first made, as she meets and falls for a woman, thinking her to be a man, and thus completing the idea that she is a fool. Titles are futile unless they are backed by the support of an equal mind. not understanding the meaning of Sir Taboos words, Sir Andrew ignorantly says, Nay, by my troth, I know not but I know, to be up late is to be up late (3. 2. 4-5). Andrew is an unlikely knight. He acquired the title, and yet, he does not live p to it in the traditional sense of knighthood, nor does he abide by any codes.He himself said that he dislikes policy (3. 2. 27). A knight, as part of the aristocracy, was prepare and educated to high standards, expected to fulfill his destiny in the circles of nobility. Andrew bears no marks of fine-breeding, groveling in the shadow of Sir Toby Belch, a brusk specimen to hold as nobility. The notion of entropy plays into this tale of a society dominated by age old ideals, yet attacked by passions, brains, and whims. The idea claims that a closed system left to itself will reach more chaotic as time passes.Interestingly eno ugh, Shakespearean setting of reata is, in itself, a closed system, cut off from reality by the sea, and further isolated from life by the fact that it was a sham place. Violas deception was but a single act, caused by the disorder and dissymmetry of the sea, and in entrap, the unfairness of life. It leads to more confusion as the story unfolds, until a body finally steps in and puts a stop to it. The madhouse and disorder of accepted norms and modes of life creates a dysfunctional world where nothing is as it seems. Things thought to be good in lose their value and Belch for example.By doing this Shakespeare was making a statement that the high- born are, in reality, not so different from anyone else. They have the same tendencies, minds, and underneath the titles and finery, is essentially, the same man. effect is but a fade for Shakespeare, who had seen it upturned in a piece through the Reformation, disease, wars, hunger, and difficulties of life. He had seen both parts of life, the low classes, and also experience the life of a gentleman. He could relate to various aspects of life, which was in itself an effect of disorder, as the Elizabethan ideal was to maintain a static class structure and avoid social mobility.

Business Is Booming Essay

The Broadway coffee shop needs to take advantage of e-business strategies if it wants to remain competitive. Create a roll that discusses the m any(prenominal) e-business strategies that The Broadway Cafe could use to increase revenue. Be sure to localise on the different areas of business such as marketing, finance, ac computeing, sales, client service, and tender-hearted resources.PROJECT FOCUS* Explain how understanding e-business brush aside champion you succeed success in each of these areas. A few questions you might want to address include 1. What type of e-business would you deploy at The Broadway Cafe? 2. How can an e-business dodge help The Broadway Cafe attract customers and increase sales? 3. What types of metrics would you want to track on your e-business Web site? 4. How could you use an e-business dodging to partner with suppliers? 5. How could a door help your employees?6. Would you use Kiosks in the cafe?By implementing the e-business strategy into broad way caf I believe that this would help us more than to success in our sm wholly business. Referring to the e-business strategies I would deploy both the B2B and the B2C strategies. The B2B strategy is definitely a helpful tool that we go out be utilise to deal with all our suppliers. This strategy makes communication between organizations easier.it depart help us to remain track of our orders , make our data entry easier for our employee, helps to keep track of our shipment and orders.it will help us to gift a good management plan as well. other plan that we can count on is the electronic data interchange EDI by implementing this we would be adapted to exchange private message between our business and other organizations. From another side we have the B2C strategy and its the relationship between our caf and its customer.by implementing this strategy in our coffee shop we will allow first all internet users to have approach shot to our coffee shop and have an paper whats br oadway caf is all about and second well allow our customer to have access to their preferable coffee shop.This strategy will allow our customer to make online orders in a small or large bill and it will make our base of customer larger than before. The e-business strategies in our broadway caf will definitely play a big role in the marketing of our caf it will definitely help our customers to meet our new merchandises and to stay tie to the old ones and at the same time it will introduce our product to some new customers . the e-business will definitely help in cut down cost through both strategies the B2B and the B2C.these strategies will allow our customers to have access to their products 24/7 and that help us to increase our sales. A portal is very important for our employee, it makes things easier to understand and clear and allow them to make any important changes that has to be done and showed to public.and from another side kiosk will help our customer to get all inf ormation they need online,any events or changes or how to use coupons for discounts etc.

Random file

supposition of Knowledge Divided line (Republic take VI) What argon the 2 worlds? What are the 4 divisions? The Greek terms The specific voices Allegory of the cave (Republic Book W) What is the story? Platos method Socratic dialogue/method Socratic sarcasm Why does Socrates never give the answer? 2 reasons what are they? Socratic dialogue + Socratic irony = TRUTH Platos trilogy of works on the suppress of Socrates life Apology Socrates defense 2 charges against him what are they? Crito Socrates in Jail, discussing JusticePhaedo the close of Socrates Philosophers Unpaid speakers Quest for intimacy Never claim they have knowledge Have a duty to enlighten other people level off if the other people dont want it Believe in guiding others to the answer, non giving it directly Always searching for the TRUTH Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Sophists Paid speakers Taught nobility, honor, and faithfulness Uses rhetoric (eloquent, fancy language) to manipulate and deceive other people into thought like they do, into accepting their values They pretend to have the answers to ll researchs, but they dont They study in order to gain wealth and power Do non seek the truth Will spoon-feed the answer to their teachers Politicians, businessmen, etc.Gorgias, Meno, Protagoras Horse and gadfly example Socrates is the fly, Athens is the horse The horse is fat and lazy, and the fly is trying to taunt the horse to get it to move Athens is ignorant and lazy, and Socrates is trying to tug the people to learn It is not easy, because one mans power is not sufficiency to move the entire nation all Socrates can do is spare trying Platos Meno The question what is virtue? The examples Socrates and Meno use to try and answer the question Bee Shape Color Health & strength What is the problem with Menos answers? doctrine vs. Knowledge (doxa vs. episteme) July 1st, 2nd, and 3rd notes What are the similarities?

Critical Thinking Assignment

Exercise 1-1 1. What is an argument? An argument is a both part structure of claims one part contains a premise and the otherwise a expiration. 2. T or F A claim is what you occasion to state an opinion or a belief. 3. T or F Critical thinking involves attacking other people. 4. Tor F Whether a going contains an argument depends on how long it is. 5. T or F When a claim has been questioned, an issue has been raised. 6. Do all arguments have set forth? Yes 7. Do all arguments have conclusions? Yes 8. T or F if it is impossible for the premise of an argument to be full-strength without the conclusion also being true the argument is deductively valid. . T or F The more support the premises of an argument provide its conclusion, the stronger the argument. If the premises being true means that credibly the conclusion is true, the argument is inductively strong. 10. Can a conclusion be implied, or must it ever be explicitly stated? It must always be explicitly stated and consists o f words and phrases like therefore, thus, and consequently. 11. Explain the connectedness between an argument and an issue. When you have an issue you are raising a question to a claim and arguments are claims structured into two parts. two are connected through claims. 12. T or F milling machine Lite tastes great is a tax judgment. 13. Are all repute judgements about matters of taste? 14. T or F All value judgments are equally casefulive. 15. T or F Only claims subject to scientific testing are worth discussing. 16. T or F All arguments are used to try to persuade someone of something. 17. T or F All attempts to persuade someone of something are arguments. 18. T or F Whenever a claim is called into question, an issue has been raised. 19. T or F Moral value judgments might all be true. 0. T or F Sometimes we transfer a favorable or unfavorable opinion of a speaker to what the speaker says 21. T or F Explanations and arguments serve the same purpose. 22. Therefore and consequentl y are conclusion indicators. True 23. T or F Rhetorical or emotive force refers to the emotional content or associations of a word or phrase. 24. T or F the rhetorical force of language provide get in the way of clear and critical thinking. 25. T or F We should not try to put our own position on any issue in the most favorable light.

Nevada on the Move of Importing Prescription Drugs

Assembly Majority attraction Barbara Buckley heads on the plan to import prescription medicines from Canada. Backed by opposite officials, cause-oriented groups, unions, doctors associations, and senior citizens, she together with other law filmrs, atomic number 18 now pushing to finalize the regulations to enable Nevadans to purchase drugs from Canadian drugstores which are lower-priced and more(prenominal) economical. The legislation is eyeing to implement the law by April 20 of this year.In quarter with this, Attorney General George Chanos has taken a stand to further metamorphose the current rulings with regards the issue at hand. He said that possible federal Food and Drug Administration directives may be violated, resulting to legal consequences.Buckley, likewise the chief sponsor of the program, is headstrong to obtain the approval. She vows to work in achieving authorisation as she claims to consider of her constituents who purposely go to Canada just to buy their day-after-day medicinal needs. The final elements of the legislation are now being scrutinized by the board to meet the set deadline.These sections being worked on are the accreditation procedures of the Canadian pharmacies allowed to market medicines within the state. It is also required that these pharmacies have toll-free address lines, e-mail access, and the ability to get in touch with their customers doctor in cases the latter cant present a valid prescription.The board is also looking at the guidelines as to when, where, and wherefore the pharmacy can decline a purchase. The law also states that generic wine Canadian drugs can not be sell except when sold also in the same generic form in their country. The rules ensuring the asylum of the drugs are being prioritized as well. The Canadian drugs cannot enter the state unless approve by the US Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada.It is delusive the people of Nevada will not only be benefited from the cheaper drug s that will short be available to them. The regulation also aims to control unauthorized websites that are selling drugs to the US drugs that are not tested safe and potent by the proper US health departments. The law also seeks to even out agencies, companies, and individuals who are pursuing illegal prescription drugs importations within the constituency.It is not a secret that a lot of US citizens are actually prompt to Canada or are getting their medicine from Canadian sources. Buckley aims to regulate these transactions, make it legal if it is, while still protecting the interests and rights of the people, particularly the Nevadans.Activists against the law on the other hand, would like to postpone the ratification until after every individual(a) detail is straightened out. They are pushing for lawmakers to launch a special school term with regards this particular law. Those who on the pro-implementation side believe changes can be through with(p) in the regular legislat ive session next year. Currently, the vote stands 4 to 3 favoring the execution of the new law.http//www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/nevada/2006/mar/01/030110077.htmlhttp//hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/N/NV_CANADIAN_DRUGS_NVOL-? station=NVCAP&038SECTION=STATE&038TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&038CTIME=2006-04-20-20-06-12        

Evaluation of a set of three health-related websites

In this paper, we measure out a set of three checkup related web puts namely www.nln.org for the National league of Nursing, www. nursingworld.org for the Ameri bottom of the inning Nursing Association, www.ama-assn.org for the American medical examination Association and the https//www.ncsbn.org/ for the National Council for State boards in Nursing. We also evaluate an Archives resource identify namely http//thomas.loc.gov or the doubting doubting Thomas, the web localize of the Library of carnal knowledge of the United States of America.Prior to presenting the evaluation we briefly describe each web set the purpose of these grades and their veritable set-up. We then go into the evaluation proper where we analyze the boilersuit capacitance, elan and functionality of each settle. In the overall content of the web identifys the quality of the teaching creation presented and the comprehensiveness of the randomness is assessed. Moreover, how current the knowledge located i n the web places and where they were derived or from what delegacy this information was derived is also assessed. Lastly, in evaluating the mien and functionality of the settles we take into stipulation the layout or the agency content is presented within the sites, ease in navigating the sites, its compatibility with approve to various croprs, information space with respect to advertising pages, and the speed upon which it is accessed by dint of the internet.The first of the sites to be evaluated is www.nursingworld.org, the official website of the American Nursing Association (ANA). Briefly, ANA is the only if full-service professional person geological formation representing the nations 2.9 million registered nurses (RNs) (About the American Nurses association, http//www.nursingworld.org/about/) that advances nursing through with(predicate) imbibing high standards, promoting the economic welf be in their workplace and by proactively lobbying governmental agencies on is sues affecting them.For the overall content, the website contains comprehensive and pertinent information supportive of the purpose of ANA mentioned previously. The site has sections on information and services, newsroom and nursing issues/programs that celebrate continuous support for promoting high standards in the nursing practice. It also has a section for showing their advocacies and initiatives for nurses general welfare, with sub-sections directing workrs to view familiarations relevant to nurses in the United States. As for the currency of the documents, the documents are up to date with uploaded documents as latest as January 11, 2007 (Press releases from the American Nurses Association, http//www.nursingworld.org/pressrel/). As for the authority of the documents published, the documents that are published have their corresponding sources accomp bothing them. All these information are presented in a notably clear and telegraphic fashion.For the elan and functionality of the website, the overall layout is easily understandable. The site can be easily navigated and the information is intelligibly sorted out for lightsome access, even though the site carries a lot of information it is surprisingly affable. On the other hand, the come up to of the site (www.nursingworld.org) is a bit misleading if you were to guess what would be the site of ANA and a name as www.ana.org or www.americannursingassociation.org may have been the give away URL. The use of images instead of flash movies may have the decreased the sites overall aesthetic impact to the user but without the use of flash movies, the site can then be easily accessible from any computer with varying internet speed with information mesmerism fast. Lastly for the evaluation of the www.nursingworld.org, the information relative to the advertisements, they are separated clearly in order to reduce the clutter and make browsing easier.The minute site is www.ama-assn.org or the American Medic al Association (AMA). AMA helps doctors help patients by uniting physicians nationwide to work on the close important professional and public health issues (The AMA mission, http//www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/1815.html). Although it is akin(predicate) to the initiatives and programs of ANA, AMA has a wider market as it focuses on the entire medical profession.For the overall content of the site, it has similarities as that of the ANA site, with additions of professional resources section for medical practitioners and med school & conformity site for medical students. Most of the information is up to date provided for the annual report is only has the 2005 annual report. In addition, the sites information is taken from credible sources, which are also accessible in the site.As for the overall layout of the site, the vast information is batched together in a clear and easily understandable manner such that users can cultivate through the site easily. The site utilizes fla sh movies that make the site to a greater extent appealing and further imbibes to the users the vision and mission of AMA. Apart from what was mentioned above, there are even so no significant or innovative means of presenting entropy seen from the ANA and the AMA site.The third website is www.nln.org which is the site for the National League for Nursing (NLN). The purpose of NLN is similar to that of ANA but is slightly varied. According to its purpose (http//www.nln.org/aboutnln/ourmission.htm), the NLN advances excellence in nursing education that prepares the nursing workforce to meet the desires of diverse populations in an ever-changing healthcare environment. This purpose is done through achieving the goals of Nursing education, power development, Research in Nursing Education, Data collection, assessment and evaluation and in the public eye(predicate) Policy.For the overall content of the site, information pertinent to the goals mentioned above is clearly visible. Users who press to participate in achieving one of the goals or for anyone who would just want to browse through the site can easily go to a limited heading and see its related sections. In terms of the currency of the documents, most of the documents are up to date however there are some(prenominal) documents such as the calendar of activities of NLN, which are motionless in need of updating (the calendar is still 2006).As for the overall layout, the site has a irregular design, departing from the modular and common website design that sets it apart from the rest of the websites being evaluated although the site uses only wide-eyed graphics to present its content. The site can easily be navigated, with information clearly divided and grouped together into concise headings that make it easier to browse through. Lastly, uploading time for the site is suitable for users with varying internet bandwidths due to its low-memory web design, thus information no matter the manner of Intern et access can easily acquire information.Another site evaluated is https//www.ncsbn.org/, the site for the National Council for State Boards for Nursing (NCSBN). The NCSBN is a United States-state wide organization aiming to promote and advance regulatory excellence in Nursing for public protection (Mission and Values, https//www.ncsbn.org/182.htm).For the overall content of the site, it has comprehensive content in general pertaining to the nursing profession and for the regulatory nursing boards, each other that implies that their site presents specific, relevant and concise information that complement each other. The documents are headspring cited with authorities in the field clearly stated accompanying any research or paper they did for NCSBN. Overall the site is up to date, with sections for lawsuit the calendar of activities that go as far presenting dates of activities for this year in advance, which is sound for most people. However there are sections in the site that s till need to be updated, sections such as the News releases and the annual report.As for the style and functionality, the site is more cleaner than the others in terms of the layout. The information is presented in such a way that even though there is a lot of information presented, the website is still able to present it in a simple manner that would not make the user disoriented. The site can be easily navigated with all the information easily accessible. The site however goes back to the symmetric design unlike the site of NLN. The site utilizes simple flash presentations in their al-Qaidapage that gives an additional aesthetic impact to the user.Lastly, we evaluate http//thomas.loc.gov/, the site for the Library of Congress of the United States of America. According to the section describing the site (http//thomas.loc.gov/home/abt_thom.html), THOMAS was launched in January of 1995, at the inception of the 104th Congress. The leadership of the 104th Congress tell the Library of Congress to make federal legislative information freely available to the public. Currently is being main(prenominal)tained by the Library of Congress.For the overall content of the site, its presents a multitude of information as concise as possible yet the site still appears to be heavily fill with information. However as compared to the other sites and the content they hold, Thomas is appreciably easy to understand-simple as it possibly can. In terms of the authority, the information presented by the Thomas is undoubtedly accurate and comes from straight from the source that is Congress. In addition, the documents stored in the site are the most current in the field, with daily updates coming directly from Congress. Links are also presented in the site that are relevant to users who wish to browse other relevant legislation.In terms of style and functionality, the Thomas has a simple layout and aesthetic appearance as compared to the other sites. The main page is a bit clutter ed so there is a possibility that first time users might get lost with regards to the coarse information being presented and the one the user wishes to find. However the site boasts of a search engine for their database that is incredibly useful for users and researchers that would want to find the requirement information which adds up to the overall functionality of the website. Lastly, due to its simple web design, the site can be easily accessed with any Internet bandwidth at any location at any time.References1. The American Nursing Association. Retrieved Jan 13, 2006 from www.nursingworld.org2. The American Medical Association. Retrieved Jan 13, 2006 from www.ama-assn.org3. The Thomas, Library of Congress. Retrieved Jan 13, 2006 from www.thomas.loc.gov4. The National League for Nursing. Retrieved Jan 13, 2006 from www.nln.org5. The National Council of State boards of Nursing. Retrieved Jan 13, 2006 from www.ncsbn.org

Conflicts in Work Place

scraps tension in officiate place OVERVIEW The objective of this assignment is to critically essay the scraps in working place and screen to understand transcription behavior with respect to run afoul effect. I in addition try to focus whether deviation is necessary or non by using range of theoretic perspectives and ideologies of impinge. INTRODUCTION difference of opinions be unpleasant, moreover it is a kind of force that ruling almost e precise aspect of our life.As date passes in every working relationship it is common to get under ones skin deviation (John impudentlystrom 2007, p. 253). contrast foundation arise from various sources and directions moreover it plenty emerge in short duration of while among race of whatsoever level, and it whitethorn require proper management. combat stick out be reconstructive or crushing depending on ability of management. Hence managers should be certain of it and essential know when and how to stimulate int erlocking in bring out means to resolve from it in meter. Conflict is defined as .. a litigate that begins when one troupe perceives that an different party has proscribely adjudge-to doe withed, or is astir(predicate) to controvertly assume, something the first party c ars about (Huczynski & angstrom unit Buchanan 2007, p. 661). Every presidential term has some sets of rules for its existence and to stay competent in the market and its natural selection as they desired. For this face should be stable, al slipway integrated, well coordinated, order and unanimity. As we know that scheme is a place where pot work unneurotic to achieve a common goal. and to attain the goal everyone has to struggle, cooperate, come after rules, and always communicate with each other to complete the given tax in time. But history shows that umteen organization fallen because of these interpersonal relationships of the multitude argon not productive, cooperative, and satisfying which directly effects the spirit of the organization and creates a big difficulty for its growth. M some(prenominal)(prenominal) passel study that organization is interfered with strifes and galore(postnominal) other factors such as disintegration, antagonism, frequent intensifys, and split loyalties.But it is excessively seen that people bank dates argon necessary to work out organization effectually. Let have a close look on affair in organization and people point of have wherefore CONFLICT ARISE? In any patch conflict rump arise between two or more parties when they think opposite and belief themselves in opposition. Conflict terminate arise due to many factors. For ex adenosine monophosphatele To achieve the goal in time dissimilar people apply diverse methods and techniques, alone some time because of disagreement among the people due to antithetical experience net produce the conflict.It is an interpersonal extremity conflicts also arise due to tack int er-dependence, policies, ambiguity of roles and rules, personality differences, unavailing communication, the competition over scarce resources, and underlying differences in attitudes, beliefs, and experiences (Huczynski & angstrom unit Buchanan 2007, p. 661). Conflict can be usable or dys functional we can drive it constructive or destructive depending on its management. But alpha principal is whether conflict is necessary or not for any organization?Levels of Conflict In any working place conflict can be manageable to occur within an employee, between individuals or separates, and across organizations as they compete. Sources of Conflict Organizational change, Different sets of values, Threats to status, Contrasting perceptions, Lack of trust, personality clashes, and personality differences. IS CONFLICT NECESSARY EVIL OR NOT From many decades, in that location has much debate that stage businessing whether conflict within the organization is necessary or not. Dean Tjos vold (2008) argued that conflict was inevitable aspect of all organizations that right on conducted it take place to a better sagaciousness between individuals, as well as to better ways of working. Since conflict was essential to successful teamwork and organisational potentness, it should be welcomed and managed appropriately. In contrast, Carten De Dreu (2008) stated that conflict was always detrimental, and that the research support for the well(p) aspects of workplace conflict was weak.He said that conflict was beneficial in only a very few, specific situations and that even in thes, it had damaging consequences which outweighted the supreme ones. He felt that organizations had to make efforts to manage conflict, not because it had overconfident effects but so as to minimize its negative ones (BUCHANAN AND HUCZYNSKI, 2010). theoretic PERSPECTIVES OF CONFLICT correspond to tralatitious perceptive conflicts ar negative and indicates something is wrong. It must be avoid ed or eliminate.The contemporary perspective describes conflict as inevitable. It describes that if conflicts be very high or low they have negative consequences which affect the makeance of the organization. CONTRASTING VIEWS OF CONFLICT It is found that there ar lead views of conflict overconfidently charged, negative and balanced. Positive view This view exact conflict are convinced(p) in organizations, but if it is managed and Considered can be positive and they believe that if the conflict managed and resolution effectively many time we can see constructive outcomes.This admirers them to think how they can adopt variant wait on to do things and conflict resolution process is many time seen a stimulus for positive change in the organization. This view tells solvent conflict also armed service to adapt to changes and it is seen more acceptable (Coiser & Dalton, 1990). Conflict booster in decision making process because it is record and people have different opini ons, theorys, attitudes and values for any given situation which can be beneficial in making and choosing better caprice and decision. ositive view of conflict assistant us to encourage to work in difference and it tell positive outcomes of conflicts are very beneficial to the organization, it whitethorn increase bore of work and personal satisfaction and also increases loading and motivation to complete the task in time. Negative view This view considers conflict as negative, it tells that conflict is dangerous and have sincere negative effects and may diverts organization goals to achieve and also effect on out psychological wellbeing. This view express that conflict also affect ideas, created tension, increases stress and anxiety.And conflict may be detrimental to individual and group development over period of time. (Baron, R. A. and Richardson, S. R. , Human Aggression, 2nd edition (Plenum Press, New York, 1991). ) Balanced view This view of conflict some time pet from a managerial perspective. In this come on sometime conflict are destructive and some time they are highly desirable and constructive. But managing conflict is essential for attaining the goal for any manager. TRANSITIONS IN CONFLICT thinking Organization conflict has different definitions and perspectives from many years.One thought of teach argued that, conflict must be avoided in order to run the organization effectively, without any malfunctioning within it. This thought called traditional view. Another thought of school argued that conflicts in any organization are natural and inevitable. correspond to this view conflict is not a evil, but it tells that management should have the ability for alter organizational effectiveness and efficiency. We called this thought behavioural view. triplet thought is interactionist onrush and it is most recent perspective. This thought of school argues that conflicts are positive and important for any organization.It tells that conflicts a re absolutely necessary for up(a) organization effectiveness and efficiency. (Adapted from Stephen R. Robbins, Managing Organization Conflict A Nontraditional hail (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall, 1974). ) THE TRADITIONAL VIEW In this view, it is assumed that conflict is natural and very fearful, it should be avoided and eliminate immediately. There will be always negative impact on organizational performance. And it is believed that organization cannot perform effectively, if the conflicts are not eliminated in time.According to this approach conflicts are defamatory and must be avoided. Conflicts can cause violence, destruction, and some time irrationality hassles. It is manager accountability to identify the conflicts if any and try to eliminate it to get rid of problems. This traditional perspective prevailed the management and organizational lit during the late nineteenth atomic number 6 and continued to be mid 1940s. The fashional View In this behavioral view traditional approach was followed and it is argued that occurrence of conflicts are natural in organizations.But behavioralists argued that conflicts are inevitable they advocated accepting the conflict. The behavioral view explains that conflict cannot be eliminated and they believe that conflict may benefit organization performance. They believe conflicts are inevitable and must resolve in time. The view prevailed management and organization from the late 1940s through the mid-1970s. The Interactionist View It is the current theoretical perspective on conflict, this approach encourages conflict and they believe that conflict is positive for any organization.In interactionists approach believe that conflict can help to make new ideas, mend intra group cohesiveness, because of different opinion and different experience it help in making better decision in time, and many benefits to the organization. Interactionists perspective encourage functional opposition and necessity of confli ct for the effectiveness of the organization. In this view it not only focuses of conflict stimulus but also choose appropriate conflict resolution process by the management. And explains conflict management are the major responsibility for the managers.It is seen that many evidence suggests conflict is necessary and important in organization because it improves the quality of decision making. (Coiser & Schwenk, 1990). and so I think the major problem is not conflict itself, but the problem is how to manage the conflict in the organization. So we can expect conflict may be solving functional or dysfunctional and any one of them have serious effect to achieve the goal in time of any organization. This functional conflict is helpful to nurture the individuals in the working place to improve the creativity, adaption and innovation of the organization. (Thomas, K. W. Conflict and conflict management, in Handbook of industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette (Rand McNally, Chicago, 1976). ) Because of complacency some organizations are decomposeure, but can be traced back to too much harmony. (Robbins, S. P. , Essentials of Organizational Behavior (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992). ) But in reality most organization try to eliminate any causa of conflict because they think elimination of conflict solve the problem and perform organization effectively. But now we can see and argue that functional conflict should be encouraged and dysfunctional conflict should be discouraged.It has dog-tired more than three decades by many researchers, scholar and behavioural scientist to analyze the affects of dysfunctional intergroup conflict in the people who experiences it(Sherif and Sherif, Groups in Harmony and tenseness (Harper and Row, New York, 1953). ) -Within groups it increases the group cohesiveness, able to emphasis on loyalty, rise in desired autocratic leadership and focus on activity -Between groups there will be distorted in per ceptions, communication is not effective and some time negative stereotyping.View of Conflict can be better understood by different pull up of characters. Frame of reference It is describe as, a persons perceptions and interpretations of events, and involve assumptions about reality, attitudes towards what is possible, and conventions regarding limit behavior (Huczynski & Buchanan 2007, p. 661). Contrasting frames of reference It is seen that literature distinguishes four different frames of reference for conflict, based on differentiation made by Alan Fox. They are unitarist, pluralist, interactionist and radical (Fox, 1966, 1973).All these frames are different from each other but important thing is that none of these are right or wrong. Unitarist In unitarist frame conflict is seen badly and they think that organizations should be essentially harmonious. Pluralist In pluralist frame sees that groups in organization have their own interests and organization is show of groups . Interactionist This interactionist frame sees conflict as a positive, necessary force for effective performance of any organization Radical In radical frame sees conflict as an inevitable outcome of capitalism in any organization.To better understand conflict one should view it as fighting(a) rather than a static belief and the sequence of conflict stages can be seen as latent, perceived, felt, manifest and after math. (Pondy, L. R. , Organizational conflict concept and models, Administrative Science Quarterly, 12 (1967). ) Conflict is inevitable in organizational life and its results can be constructive rather than destructive depending up on how it is managed. If negative effects controlled and can be minimized past positive outcomes may result.Effective conflict management is based in part, on a solid understanding of the different ways that conflict emerges and can be resolved. (Anderson, H. and Kyprianou. 1994. Effective Organizational Behaviour. edn. Oxford Blackwell ) EF FECTS OF CONFLICT IN ORGANIZATION Conflict in organization has some advantages and few disadvantages if it is not managed. In organization many participants think conflict should be avoided and they practically see conflicts are always destructive and it should be eliminated.But in reality it is a limited view, because it is seen that all type of conflict are not destructive, some may result productive and some may nonproductive outcomes. But some participant views on conflicts is positive, they think conflict should be manage effectively and need to search the different ways to results the constructive outcome. Advantage Conflict produces many benefits first one, because of it people emotionally aroused with full potential to search and to find better approaches by comparing different approaches which may be useful for get better and desired results.It helps them to boost their creativity and improves their ability for developing new ideas. Thus helps them to experiment different way to achieve the goal. And second benefit is problem can be confronted and solved, so that conflict can be brought to the surface. Disadvantages Conflict also produces disadvantages if it is not manages properly in time, and many leads to bad results. It also raises many problems like, people may focus on personal issues, they may not cooperate properly which increases stress and people may feel fear of defeating this directly reduces their confidence and motivation level.So it is very important to manage conflict in time. Manager should be aware of conflict and its outcomes and he should apply appropriate conflict resolution strategies, when they found conflict affecting to achieve the goal. Let us see some positive and negative outcome of conflict in working place According to a survey, many practicing managers spend approximately 20 percent of their time to deal with conflict situation in working environment. Schmidt records some positive and negative outcomes of conflict. (NEW STROM, W. 2007. Organizational Behaviour Human Behavior at Work. 2Th edn. capital of Singapore McGraw-Hill/Irwin) Positive outcome include ?Good generation of new ideas ? large number try for different and new approaches ?Long-standing problems in any matter can be resolve ?Opportunities for individual views clarification ?It improves creativity and interest of participates ?It gives opportunities for individuals to seek their abilities and capacities. Negative outcomes include ?People feel fear of defeating and demeaned manner ? toothless communication increases the distance between people ? Mistrust and suspicion among the people People concentrate on own interest rather than organization goal ? Reduction in cooperation which effect the teamwork ?And employee turnover increases. CONFLICT OUTCOMES Conflict in organization may produce four possible outcomes depending on approaches chosen by participates involved. They are as follows 1. lose-lose 2. Lose-win 3. Win-lose 4. Win-win Participants intentions and chosen strategies are the result of conflict outcomes. There are many different conflict resolution strategies developed in the history, but this different strategies designed for participate ntention. CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES There are five possible conflict resolution strategies available, participant can select any outline as he need and apply them to reduce/remove the conflict. By using appropriate dodge it is possible to achieve predictable outcome. These strategies are different from each other, they are basically representing different concerns for ones own desired outcome and for anothers result. These five strategies are as followsAvoiding- In this conflict is avoided physically and mentally, this approach expects less positive outcome and hence reflects a low concern for either partys outcomes. Thus it results in lose lose situation. Smoothing- In this scheme depending on the other partys interests problems are accommodate. This strat egy approach focuses on ones own detriment by evince on concerns for others which resulting in a lose-win outcome. Forcing- This strategy is depends on using index number tactics to achieve the desired goal to win.It depends on authority and hostility in order to attain personal goals at the expense of the concern for the other party. This type of strategy result in a win-lose situation. Compromising- This strategy help to compromise own desires and thought by giving up something to gain something else willingly. It results with no clear-cut outcome. Confronting- This is one kind of strategy which helps to focus conflict directly and solve it by mutual understanding to work it through to a satisfactory resolution. This strategy helps to maximize the chances of achieving both party goals which resulting in a win-win outcome.This strategies are effective can be chosen to win or lose by the participants. It helps to control the conflict and pull through the time to achieve the goal by reducing adverse harmful effects of conflicts. Avoiding and smoothing approaches are help to manage the conflict and the use of forcing approach may achieve short term goal but fail to achieve stated goal. Compromising approach help to solve conflict but always desired goals cannot be achieved. Confronting approach is the effective strategy which solve conflict problem by facing directly by mutual understanding, hence chance of win-win outcome is more when compare to any other strategy.CONCLUSION Organization are dynamic entities, which is continously changing its interior(a) and external environments, to develop congruousness among the people, process and structure. As discussed contemporary perspectives on conflict, tell that conflict cannot be put on end to a state in organizational life. Conflict is dynamic activity that help us to emphasize on process, meaning, and variety of procedures and relationships. I think understanding conflict help us to better understanding about organization if it is in.If there is a Conflict in any organization it help scholars and reasearchers to give insight understanding more about culture, power, change, development and other important phenomenon in organization. Conflict may help to see the things in a new way, it help to promote different analysis, clarification in goals, increases energies, give chance for alternatives and changes, and complex problem can be solved. If conflict manage effectively it protect the organisation. Conflict enlighten the concept of rationality, which help better understanding and analyzing of organizational behavior.Organizational conflict are not evil, and in fact there is no need to eliminate it, but it should be manage properly for enhancing individuals, groups, and organizational effectiveness. It is a phenomenon, just it can be constructive or destructive effects on organization, but it completely depends on how it is managed by the management. Conflicts can be dysfunctional when pe ople are not able to tolerate it, and the reason may be rigidity of the organization structure which gives fewer opportunities to changes. This may be because of ignorance of the participants who not give importance and ready to change any time when required.So we can say that organization conflict may be because of ignorance, intolerance, vested interests, uncharitable and rigidity. As discussed earlier conflict is not necessarily a bad thing, it is can be seen as a constructive force and in certain circumstances and it can be welcomed or even encouraged. It helps improving organization design and functioning and to the decision-making process which help to adapt inner and external changes. If conflict identified and managed properly, it can help reduce the destructive influences in the organization. Organization ducation in subjects like Human Relation, Human imaginativeness Management or Development, and Industrial Relations tell that conflict can be managed and its management is very important. And literature tells that how acknowledgement of conflict and its significant in the organization. So we can say that all type of conflicts are not bad, and it is always not necessary to remove, left, or ignore the conflict in the organizational life but it should be manage properly so that it help for survival of the organization without any effect on organization goals.Now I can say that conflict leads to change, change leads to adaptation, and adaptation leads to survival. REFERENCES 1. ANDERSON & KYPRIANOU. 1994. Effective Organizational Behaviour. edn. Oxford Blackwell 2. BUCHANAN & HUCZYNSKI. 2010. Organizational Behaviour. seventh edn. England Pearson Education Ltd 3. BUTLER & ROSE. 2011. Introduction to Organisational Behaviour. edn. capital of the United Kingdom CIPD House 4. horse tick & HARDY. 1999. Studying Organization Theory & method. 1st edn. London SAGE 5. FINCHAM & RHODES, 2005. Principles of Organizational Behaviour. 4th edn.Ox ford Oxford University Press Inc. , New York 6. KATZ & KAHN. 1966. The Social Psychology of Organizations. edn. USA John Wiley & Sons 7. MULLINS, J. 2010. Management & Organisational Behaviour. 9th edn. England Pearson Education Ltd 8. NEWSTROM & DAVIS. 2002. Organizational Behaviour Human Behavior At Work . 11th edn. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin 9. NEWSTROM, W. 2007. Organizational Behaviour Human Behavior at Work. 12Th edn. Singapore McGraw-Hill/Irwin 10. ROBBINS, P. 1983. Organization Theory The Structure and invention of Organisations. edn. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall

A Sense Of Life Satisfaction Health And Social Care Essay

The vignette of lineament of breeding, ego direct larning and issues of psychological, physical, societal and economic position in fourth-year grownups draw been of merchandise countries of inquiry over the past few decennaries ( Maddox and Wiley, 1996 ) . Such explorees feed led to the emergence of schemes to maximise capacity and potency to cover with the trans operateions and procedures associated with ripening.At the same tog surveies of kinship between egotism order acquisition and geriatrics have been fuelled. Development of graduate tables like Self-Directed Learning Readiness scale leaf SDLRS ( Guglielmino, 1997 ) which aim to flyer the planning of a individual to self-learn h older sound increased the attending in the field of gerontology instruction writings. Surveies by Hassan ( 1991 ) and McCoy ( 1992 ) reflect straight relative race between grownup s age and impulse to command learning.A However, for the former(a) grownups there have been no pub lished histories to echo the comparing between the tonss of SDLRS and feeling of brio.Though Dowden ( 2008 ) primed(p) downward that larning attempts consequence in improved livelihood grapheme, it is now of import to find descent between steps of life attri simplye and prepargondness for independent acquisition. Therefore, the focal point of the newspaper publisher would be to analyze such(prenominal) alliances.AProblem StatementAThe demo probe is ground on a double business line as evident from the debut and subsequently supported by the follow-up of literature. The job countries are listed below.Some older grownups through ego directed learning overcome hurdlings to upkeep their province of good being, while close opposite older grownups find themselves awkward to keep this province.Better speck of why merely a few older grownups opt for self-governing acquisition to fulfill their intrinsic demands.A Measures of quality of life and magnetic inclination to la rn vary well among the old aged grownups and these discrepancies form the evidences of the job countries under view. Validating a nexus between pull up stakesingness on free acquisition and life quality can so put down the foundations of utilizing self directed acquisition as a scheme to keep soaring province of good being in older grownups.APurpose/ObjectivesAThis paper will specifically concentrate on twain wide aims based on the job countries. Furthermore, since, non much has been published about grownup s ego directed acquisition, hence, the seek intent will be faultless by a 3rd aim.To find and analyze the assorted considerations and methods in analyzing autonomous acquisition.To analyze the relationship between avidity for acquisition and quality of life in older grownups.To analyze the relationship between older grownup s demographic variables and extent of autonomous acquisition preparedness.HypothesissA The following(prenominal) hypotheses were constituted to steer t he analysis of informations.There is a positive relationship between avidity for acquisition and quality of life.There is a of the essence(predicate) difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life of send topics and community based savour.There is a cardinal relationship between older grownup s demographic variables and extent of autonomous acquisition preparedness.Definition of Key FootingsA forest of bearing The World Health Organization defines Quality of life as an person s perceptual experience of their perplex in life in the context of the civilization and hold dear systems in which they live and in relation to their ends, outlooks, criterions and concerns. It is a wide ranging construct stirred in a complex manner by the individual s physical wellness, psychological province, personal beliefs, societal relationships and their relationship to salient characteristics of their purlieu ( Oort, 2005 ) .Older AdultA for the intent of the measure , any individual above the age of 60 old ages is defined as an older grownup.AReappraisal of LiteratureA A Campbell ( 1991 ) stated that quality of life is a obscure term and can non be explained by a individual precise definition. While Kalish ( 1995 ) discussed four Copernican constructs of quality of life in relation to geriatricsA sense of life satisfaction at the present ageA socially adjudge manner of life for the senior citizens.A sense of felicity with hotshot s activities and societal position.Care of desirable activities of mid-life. ( p.60 )AA This reflects a important relationship between geriatrics and quality of life where quality of life is viewed as a major constituent of successful ripening ( Leonard, 1982 ) . Later, Larson ( 1998 ) associated successful maturement with province of wellbeing and stated that the latter is a positive emotionalism experienced by older individuals. ( 1998, p. 109 ) . Therefore, quality of life can be viewed as one s sense of psy chosocial wellbeing.A Subsequently, to make dour with the restrictions of unidimensional graduated tables of quality of life and the multidimensional Quaity of Life great power A -QLIA ( Neugarten, et Al. 1961 ) , Salamon and Conte ( 1991 ) published a new step of quality of life. An Indian version of the same viz. Scale K Quality of Life inA the Aged ( SKQLE ) contains 25items in five long Likert subscales viz. , positive ego construct , positive affectivity , prosecuting a meaningful life , conformance in achieved and desired ends and control over learning activities and 15 points in third short subscales viz. , societal interactions , physiological and psychosocial wellness and economic constancy . ( Khullar and Rai, 2009 )For the intent of the present survey SKQLE was employed for two grounds.It was standardised on the population under survey i.e. in the Indian contextThe factors of the graduated table can be linked to geriatric instruction literature and/ or preparedness for ego directed acquisition.In the undermentioned subdivisions, the SKQLE, proposed for informations accrual in this survey, is discussed in item.In 1971, Tough categorized the attacks to analyze self directed larning phenomena for older grownups as learning undertakings ( Tough, 1971 ) . Later it was categorized as qualitative or autonomous preparedness ( Passmore, 1986 ) . Evidence based research findings reflected a wide scope of parametric quantities like psychosocial factors significantly gibe with ego directed learning preparedness.Based on the debut, besides the survey of quality of life of older the great unwashed in context to residential scene is basically relevant. Findingss suggest that quality of life is significantly ameliorate in community sample than in a sample from institutionalised and long term worry puting ( Wolk and Telleen, 1999 ) . Furthermore, they published that the degree of quality is heady by other correlatives of the residential sc ene of the older grownups.MethodologyThis subdivision includes a elaborate treatment on the methodological analysis proposed for intent of the present research.Research DesignAAn Ex station facto research design has been used for the present survey.A The survey will therefore affect informations aggregation on the two aforementioned variables and any differences determined will reflect the fluctuation of consequences in rating attempts in conformity to self directed larning preparedness tonss, gender, residential scenes, age, and quality of life tonss without any use from the research worker s terminal.LocationA The research is conceptualized maintaining in head the population of old aged grownups in India. However, with respect to the fluctuations in socioeconomic position and other demographic elements, it is requisite to specify the survey scene.The survey, therefore, includes older grownups populating in two scenes. One, elderly in place scenes in Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, who requ ire minimum support and receive attention and other in senior citizen s Grih Seva Sansthan, Lucknow, who do non necessitate cardinal hours attention and are largely retired and self prolonging citizens. This puting facilitates placing the two groups mentioned in the proposed survey and besides aids in informations aggregation.Population and Sampling PlanTo reflect upon the population, it was determined that 284 raft of 60 old ages of age or older live in place scenes while 366 reside in the Grih Seva Sansthan ( institutionalised scene ) .A From both scenes, a entire random sample of 200 people will be drawn utilizing a random tabular array. The sample shall represent 100 people from each scene.This sample will stop up a normal distribution of tonss in SKQLE and SDLRS because of a satisfactory crucify subdivision of topics in footings of age, gender, socio-economic position and residential scenes. The information therefore obtained will assist statistical comparings for the decla red hypotheses.AData Collection ProceduresTo mensurate an independent variable, a dependent variable and other moderator variables two instruments shall been employed in the proposed survey.The graduated tables shall be distributed personally by the research worker and the location helper. Explanations shall be provided to those necessitating farther elucidations on the signifier. After a hebdomad s clip, the research worker and location helper shall roll up the signifiers from the sample and give thanks them for their co-operation.AIndependent VariableA The independent variable under survey is the Quality of Life, which shall be calculated utilizing the Scale K of Quality of Life in Elderly ( SKQLE ) . leechlike VariableA Readiness for ego directed acquisition is the dependent variable in the proposed survey.Moderating VariablesA -A The present research includes three moderator variables- residential scene, gender and age.ToolsScale K Quality of Life inA the Aged ( SKQLE ) ha s been developed by Khullar and Rai ( 2009 ) . It is a self study stock list incorporating 43 points out of which 40 points are divided into short and long graduated tables, all concentrating on meter of quality of life, as mentioned in the reappraisal of literature. The other three points prise the moderating variables. The manual shows the internal dependability coefficient of the graduated table as 0.93 while the trial retest dependability coefficient is 0.84. There is no reference the rigorousness of the graduated table. Give this restriction, SKQLE is still widely accepted owing to its superior dependability coefficient and possible attack to mensurate the variables of quality of life.The Hindi interlingual interlingual rendition of Self Directed Learning Readiness Scale ( SDLRS ) has been employed in the proposed survey to mensurate the dependent variable. Guglielmino ( 1997 ) developed this graduated table to measure the perceptual experiences of the topics about the ext ent to which they possess attributes indispensable for ego directed acquisition. It is a 58-item Likert graduated table, with a reported dependability coefficient of.87 and a high internal and prognostic cogency.Datas AnalysisAFor the intent of analysis of informations, the hypotheses are shown in discharge signifier and different methods of analysis are proposed.There is no important relationship between avidity for acquisition and quality of life.There is no important difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life of institutionalised topics and community based sample.There is no important difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life in males and females.There is no important difference in autonomous acquisition preparedness and quality of life based on age.A The first hypothesis will be tested with a Pearson coefficient of correlation coefficient. The 2nd and 3rd hypotheses will be tested by chi-square, and quaternate by t-test a t.05 degree of significance. A corporate proving shall follow utilizing Analysis Of partition ( ANOVA )ASignificance of the surveyThere have been extended surveies on the variables of quality of life and inclination of an orbit for autonomous acquisition. But there have been no important surveies that have canvas the two together and reported it in the context of older people. The research therefore proposed is important to set up a relationship between the two variables taking into history the extent to which the demographic variables act upon the preparedness for larning. It shall besides spread out the cognition base in context of older grownups as possible scholars. Schemes can be founded on its consequences to magnify the potency of older people to cover efficaciously with the jobs of old age and bettering quality of life.ARestrictionsAOwing to the heterogeneousness of the older population, certain sections might be overlooked or can non be included hence, the generalizabili ty of the consequences of the survey stiff geographically limited.The independent and dependent variable are non concrete concepts but subjective perceptual experiences about one s accomplishments to add value to life, therefore the consequences of the survey may be affected by impaired beliefs about oneself.In absence of information about the cogency of SKQLE, the survey faces a restriction of formalizing what the tool purports to mensurate. Though at that place in information about high dependability of the tool, merely future researches with other sample and tools may steer better cognition of the constructs being studied in the proposed research.

Napoleon Bonaparte Heir or Betrayer Essay

pile Bonaparte has been one of the braggygest kn proclaim leaders and highly debated characters. cognise for his leadership skills, but debated for the many assorted interpretations of his actions. Most historians have believed that sleep is either an Heir or a Betrayer. It was through his actions on how you eject see how Napoleon is considered a grunter to the french regeneration. This is shown through different actions and the way he handled certain situations. The first sign that he was a betrayer against the French rotary motion was that he was established as an infrangible dictator.Also, Napoleons betrayal is acquainted with the unnecessary wars that bankrupted France due to the idea of expanding his universal conglutination. Lastly, Napoleons actions were considered to be all told contradictory to the French revolution motto of Liberty equality Fraternity. As you can see through these three arguments, that Napoleon proves that he really is a betrayer to the Frenc h revolution. The basis of the French revolution was that the people wanted to get rid of the absolute monarchy that had no worry in serving the 3rd estate. Napoleon on the other hand, did the diametric of what the French revolution wanted.He maintained actor, and became an absolute dictator that make all the decisions in his own interest. With all this power, Napoleon showed that he was a betrayer, because he did not do anything for the good of the people, rather he did it for his own interests. One example, is that instead of allowing people to vote, Napoleon established representative institutions that moreover gave the illusion of democracy because really they had no power. Also, in the beginning of his dictatorship, he established the Coup DEtat which made himself the first consul which later on allowed him to crown himself Emperor.This can be considered a betrayal because he was enthrone himself king in a sense. Clearly, these arguments show how Napoleon, although a great leader, was overly focused on the power that he obtained from becoming Emperor and it bleary his decisions causing him to become a betrayer to the French revolution. Another big part of why people consider Napoleon as a betrayer to the French revolution, was his relentless quest for personal glory and his trust to conquer more than he could. Napoleons commitment to make everybody into a brotherhood completely went against what the French Revolution s alsod for.This is shown in his many unnecessary wars that took place. He started recruiting mass armies for the sole purpose of conquering other lands. Napoleons focus on universal conquest was shown by the year 1812, when almost every nation besides Russia, Great Britain, and the Ottoman Empire, were under his control. Another expectation that shows how Napoleon betrayed the French revolution was when he implemented the Continental System, in which he resorted to economic warfare by forbidding his subjects and allies to trade wit h the English. Thus, hike more affecting the already poor economy and worsening ties with England.These actions portray Napoleon as somebody who is entirely set on European domination and showing how his military focus lead his straying absent from the idealistic French revolution. The French revolutions motto was Liberty Equality and Fraternity. The French expected Napoleon to honour these sayings and bring back peace, order and to unify the political and social conquests of the Revolution. besides, Napoleon used other means of establishing a revolution. Unlike the motto, Napoleon used certain things such as censorship, the power of terror, and even execution to establish control.Napoleon to keep control of humanity opinion, he censored almost everything, and filtered what the people could hear. Also, Napoleon used the aspect of fear to keep people under his control, and he used forcefulness to subsidize anybody going against his will, thus showing how he did not prolong the motto of the French Revolution. Also when he was in power, he trilled back many of the reforms of the Revolution, including the rights of women and basic protections for civil liberties. He anointed himself emperor and established his family members as hereditary monarchs of sovereign European nations.In this sense, he completely eviscerated the liberal reforms of the revolution. This depicts how Napoleon truly went against the motto of the French Revolution and showed how he truly was not an Heir, rather a betrayer. Napoleon to this very twenty-four hours is still argued as whether he is an heir or a betrayer. merely in many cases, he is seen to be a Betrayer to the French revolution. This is shown through different ways, such as his absolute dictatorship and how he uses his total control of power to make decisions for his own interest. This shows how Napoleon became what the French revolution sought out to get rid of with the start of the revolution.Also, with his many attempt s at European domination, you can see that Napoleon put too much focus onto wars and campaigns, instead of trying to create equality for everyone. Lastly, the revolution was about liberty and rights, as said in the French revolutions motto. But Napoleon went against that, and denied the peoples liberty, and their rights with things such as censorship and execution. Overall, you clearly see how Napoleon, in many situations, goes against what the French revolution stands for and shows how he really is a betrayer of the revolution.

Learning Team Reflection Essay

Alan Litchman and Laura B. Trust, Co-Presidents of bring off a Bagel, own a bagel business in Boston (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Alan and Laura met in business school and afterwards gaining business experience in other industries they purchased the bagel business with the figure of catching it as much as possible. They hire two primary quill target markets 1) retail stores and 2) wholesale accounts with large institutions. In this paper, we will shortly discuss a few of the strategies they used to manage their working capital. The owners of Finagle a Bagel were tired of working for other people so they decided to buy one new-fashioned business. They have used several(prenominal) financial concepts to manage the financial accountability of their small business. They have controlled cost from the beginning of the process to the deli precise of the product, as well as the administrative costs.Other items that have been highlighted are the management of hard cash range, p ayback, and the schedule of cash entries, which has allowed the keep company to pay its debts. They have established a good kind with the banks in order to negotiate the time frame for payments and rate. Suppliers are in any case a key success featureor for the company, as the payment foothold are negotiated to match the flow cash. The companys focus is to agree its financial management so that the business may grow and impart large profits. The Finagle a Bagel as well has a insurance of recognizing the hard work of their employees. The owners believe that managers and employees are responsible for the success of the company. Together, the company is growing in a sustainable and financially healthy way. consort to Alan Litchman, when making any investment, first one has to understand what the demand for the new product is going to be, and what kind of product can be do with the new equipment (Parrino, Kidwell, bates, 2012).Alongside his wife, Mr. Litchman explained how imp ortant it is to understand the companys motion and opportunities to better apply capital investment in the company. They both explained, in their own words, the importance of setting up strategies and planning before putt a new product on the market. The gibe also intercommunicate about debt. Laura Trust said that debt is a necessary evil and sometimes taking debt has its benefits if compared to finding capital through other means, such as pursuing a partner (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). In this case they did not postulate to take a venture capital partner because the owners wanted to have authority when making business decisions, thus avoiding working for someone else (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). This shows that the owners cull a business structure like a sole proprietorship. Lastly, the fact that sideline rates have been dropping for small business also supported their decision to take on debt to invest in the company. The couple is very educated when making busin ess decisions, as they understand that even so when a company has financial resources, the business gains more by obtaining financial resources from banks with small interest rates, while allowing the resources they have to generate dividends with higher interest rates.This is generally called borrowing cheap money (Investopedia, 2014). Finally, credit is also discussed. They mentioned heap credit, which is the amount of time given to pay back vendors for the products bought. The longer the term, the better, as it allows time to receive revenue before having to pay the debt. This is another very important recommendation on how to properly use cash flow and avoid taking on debt. Overall, Alan Litchman and Laura B. Trust demonstrate a thorough understanding of how to manage their capital so that their small business continues to grow and increase their net profits, despite economic challenges in the community and the country.ReferencesInvestopedia. (2014). inexpensive Money. Retri eved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cheap-money.asp Parrino, R., Kidwell, D., Bates, T. (2012) Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, (2nd Ed) John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Final Exam Review Notes Essay

1 strategical Management set of managerial decisions and serves that determines the long-run writ of execution of a corporation. It includes surroundingsal s evict (both external and internal), knocked out(p) mental strain formulation (strategic or long-range plan), strategy implementation and evaluation and discipline. Emphasize the monitoring and evaluating of external opportunities and threats in crystalise of a corporations strengths and weaknesses.2 4 phases of strategic prudencePhase 1- prefatorial financial management- managers initiate serious planning when they atomic number 18 requested to propose the following years budget. Projects ar proposed on the primer coat of very critical analysis, with most information coming from within the profligate. The sales force commonly provides the small amount of environmental information.Phase 2 forecast- based planning- as annual budgets become less useful at stimulating long planning, managers attempt to propose fi ve-year plans. At this point they consider projects that they may stockpile more than one year. In addition to internal information managers ruck up any available environmental data- usually on an ad hoc basis and extrapolate current trends five years into the upcoming. This phase is also meter consuming, often involving a full month of managerial activity to happen upon sure all the proposed budgets fit together.Phase 3 externally oriented planning- frustrated with highly political yet in importual five-year plans, top management begets contr9ol of the planning process by initiating strategic planning. The alliance seeks to increase its reactivity to changing markets and competition by thinking strategically. Planning is taken out of the hands of lower-level managers and concentrated in a planning staff whose labor movement is to develop strategic plans for the corporation.Phase 4 strategic management- realizing that even the vanquish plans are worthless without input and commitment of lower-level managers, top management forms planning groups of managers and tonality employees at many levels, from various departments and work groups. They develop and desegregate a series of strategic plans aimed at achieving the fraternitys immemorial objectives.3 4 basic elements of strategic management-1 environmental scanning the monitoring, evaluating and disseminating of information from the external and internal environments to key people within the corporation. Its calculate is to identify strategic factors- those external and internal elements that will determine the future of the corporation.2 strategy formulation- is the maturation of long-range plans for the effective management of th4e environment opportunities and threats in light of corporate strengths and weaknesses (SWOT). It includes defining the corporate missionary work, specifying achievable objectives, growing strategies and setting policy guidelines.3 strategy implementation- is a proce ss by which strategies and policies are put into action finished the development of programs, budgets and procedures. This process mogul involve changes within the overall culture, structure and/or the entire organization.4 evaluation and control- is a process in which corporate activities and performance results are monitored so that actual performance can be compared with desired performance managers at all levels use the resulting information to take corrective action and resolve problems.4 Define strategy a corporation forms a comprehensive master plan that states how the corporation will compass its mission and objectives.5 5 forces that shape competitions as described by Porter- nemesis of new entrants intentness typically bring to it new capacity a desire to gain market share, and substantial resources.Rivalry among existing firms corporations are mutually dependent. A agonistic move by one firm can be expected to have a noticeable effect on on it competitors and thus m ay cause retaliation.Threat of refilling products or service- a product that appears to be different but can satisfy the same need as another productdicker power of buyers affect an industry through their ability to force rase prices, bargain for higher quality or more services and mutant competitors against each otherBargaining power of suppliers- can affect an industry through their ability to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased commodity and services.6 competitive advantage- a firm uses it resources, capabilities and competencies to develop a competitive advantage7 3 directional strategies-Growth strategies- designed to achieve growing in sales, assets, profits ot some combination. Most widely pursued. continuing growth means increase sales and a chance to take advantage of the experience curve to reduce the per-unit cost of products sold, thereby increasing profits.Stability strategies- corporation may choose stability over growth by continuing its current act ivities without any significant change in directionRetrenchment strategies a come with may pursue retrenchment strategies when it a weal competitive position in some or all its product lines resulting in poor performance- sales are surmount and profits are becoming losses.8 5 dos of international developmentStage 1 (domestic company) the primary domestic company merchandises some of its products through local anaesthetic dealers and distributors in the foreign countries. The impact on the organizations structure is minimal because an export department at corporate headquarters handles everythingStage 2 (domestic company with export division) success in stage 1 leads the company to establish its own sales company with offices in other countries to eliminate the middle man and to better control marketing. Because exports have now become more important the company establishes an export division to oversee foreign sales office.Stage 3-(Primarily domestic company with internationa l division) success in earlier stages its own sales company to establish manufacturing facilities in addition to sales and service offices in key countries. The company now adds an international division with responsibilities for most of the business functions conducted in other countriesStage 4 (multinational corporation with multidomestic emphasis)- now a fully fledged MNC, the company increases its investment in other countries. The company establishes a local operating division or company in the host solid ground such as Ford of Britain, to better serve the market. The product line is expanded and local manufacturing capacity is established. Managerial functions (product development, finance, marketing and so on) are organizes locally.Stage 5 (MNC with global emphasis) the most successful MNC move into a fifth stage in which they have worldwide human resources, R&D and financing strategies. Typically operating in a global industry, the MNC denationalizes its operations and plans product design, manufacturing and marketing around worldwide consideration.

Properties of Hydrates Essay

PurposeThe purpose of the Properties of Hydrates laboratory is to study provides, and be subject to identify them. This lab standardizedly focuses on observing the reversibility of hydration reactions by hydrolysis, and also testing substances for efflorescence of deliquescence.ProcedureA.Identification1. Place 0.5 gees of each colonial (Nickel Chloride, green Chloride, atomic number 11 Tetraborate, Sucrose, calcium Carbonate, and Barium Chloride) in a sm all in all juiceless test tube. 2. Heat gently with a burner flame and observe conservatively. If droplets of piss appear on the test tube it may be a furnish. Note the nature and subterfuge of the residue. 3. Let the tube cool, and try to disperse the residue in a some cm3 of pissing, warming if necessary. A straight hydrate will dissolve in urine supply supply, producing a color similar to that of the original hydrate. A carbohydrate will give off water, plainly tends to char. The residue will also often be a caramel color.B.Reversibility1. Gently heat a few crystals of about 0.3 grams of hydrated Cobalt(II) Chloride, CoCl2 x 6H2O in an evaporating bang until the color change appears to be complete 2. free the residue in the evaporating dish in a few cm3 of water from the wash bottle 3. Heat the residue to a boiling and carefully boil it to dryness. Note any color changes. 4. put up the evaporating dish on the lab bench and let it cool.C.Deliquescence and Efflorescence1. Place a few crystals of Na2CO3 x 10H2O, CaCl2, KAl(SO4)2 x 12 H20, and CuSO4 in an a separate evaporating dish next to the CoCl2 prepa going in office B. 2. To see weather the samples gained or lost clutch, weigh each of them on a top-loading balance and genius to the nearest hundredth. 3. Weight them again later on an hour to detect either changes in mass. 4. Observe the samples occasionally. Note any buildings in color and structure and degree of wetness.D. Percent of Water in Hydrate1. Clean crucible and its cover, and also make sure that crucible tongs are clean. Put over fire, and let cool. 2. Weight the crucible to the nearest thousandth. Handel with tongs 3. master a sample of an dark hydrate, and place about 1 gram in the crucible. 4. Weight the crucible, cover and sample on the balance. 5. Put the crucible on the clay triangle, with the cover off center to allow water vapor to escape. 6. Heat again, gently at first, and then with the bottom red for about 10 minutes. 7. Center the crucible cover, and let it cool to room temperature. 8. Weight the cooled crucible and with its cover and contents. 9. Examine the solid residue.10. Add water until the crucible it two thirds full. Warm gently if the residue doesnt right away dissolve. 11. Does the residue appear to be dissoluble?Waste Disposal advance of the Copper mixture, and the Aluminum mixture in the correct bowl to a lower place the waste hood. All of the acids and bases can be disposed of down the sink. If the compou nd isnt water soluble put in the organic container. chemic Principles in the Laboratory Experiment 6ConclusionThe purpose of the Properties of Hydrates lab was to be able to identify if a substance was a hydrate or not. In lab, experiments where conducted to see if a compound was a hydrate or not. In order for the compound to be deemed as a hydrate it had to1. Release water upon heating2. The anhydrous residue had to be water soluble3. Exhibit reversibilityIf, and only if the compound showed that it could exhibit all three of these properties, could it be distinguished a hydrate. In part A of the experiment, Nickel Chloride and Sodium Tetraborate were the only two compounds that were reliable hydrates. Both of these showed water residue when heating, where soluble in water after heating, and converted subscribe to it original color after performing the first two experiments. some of the other compounds had positive results for integrity or two test moreover not all three. F or example, Sucrose, when heated, water residue appeared on the test tube, and was soluble in water, but the compound didnt show reversibility.In part B of the experiment, CoCl2*6H2O was heated, dissolved, and then heated again to show that it was a true hydrate. When the Cobalt Chloride was heated, it turned from the color of fuchsia pink, to a light blue. And then after being dissolved into water, the compound turned back to its original color of fuchsia pink, demonstrating reversibility. The color change in this compound shows that by adding water to the anhydrous residue, that the same bonds that were broken my dehydrating the compound where reformed when adding water.In part C, four compound, plus the Cobalt Chloride mentioned above were tested for deliquescence, and efflorescence. Only one compound turned about to be efflorescent, which means that it lost water, which was Sodium Carbonate. The compounds mass before sitting out was 50.645g, after being unresolved to the condit ions of the laboratory for an hour, the sample weight 50.603g losing approximately 0.042g over the period of an hour. The Calcium Chloride (gained 0.258g), Copper Sulfate (gained 0.007g) and Cobalt Chloride (gained 0.068g) where all deliquescent, meaning that again mass enchantment sitting in the laboratory. The Potassium Aluminum sulfate, exhibited stability while sitting out for an hour, neither gaining nor losing mass.For part D of the experiment, the percent of water in the unknown hydrate was %12.290. The closet percent of the given facts of the unknown was Barium chloride (BaCl2*2H2O), which has %14.8 water in it. This percent was found by apply the formula below % water in hydrate=(mass of water in hydrate/mass of the entire hydrate)The wide range of difference surrounded by the percent of the given and the unknown could have been due to the fact that at that place was wood debris in the unknown sample . This could have throw off the essence of water present in the samp le, and messed up the amount of water able to evaporate.

Brahms Symphony No.3 Programme Note

Many music lovers will prefer the titanic military group of the scratch symphony orchestra orchestra others the untroubled charm of the second, but the third strikes me at being artistically the most nearly perfect. Edward Hanslick, music critic. Brahms third symphony was long awaited by his fans, after a six course break from his second symphony. It is neither forceful, nor charming. It is a strange, non-traditional work. Its opening is reminiscent of Schumanns Rhenish, making us wonder, why? Is it an homage to his friend? Or is it yet another alleged reference to Clara Schumann?The premier was one to remember. On December 2nd, 1883, under the conducting of Hans Richter, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra debuted the symphony to fans and hecklers alike. Even with the devastation of long meter enemy Richard Wagner the feud lingered on. Wagner fans chose that night to attempt an interference. However, it was unfulfilled and the show was a hit. After the premier, Brahms polished the score several quantify before releasing a final copy in whitethorn of 1884. There are many strange attributes to this relatively fiddling piece.The first obvious one is the third movement it is a poco allegretto, which is unusual for the time period. The other is the repeated use of an F- Ab F actor, which gives a minuscule sound that is completely surprising. The motive (F Ab F) is said to be derived from a saying of Brahms close friend Joseph Joachim, Free, but lonely or Frei aber einsam. victorious the first three letters of each word you get F- A- E. This short motive Brahms, Schumann and Dietrich used to compose a violin sonata in adore of their friend.Brahms later declared himself Free, but happy or Frei aber froh. This gives us the motive F A F. Why, then, does Brahms choose to use an Ab rather of inborn A? Probably because the Ab gives his harmony a nontraditional sound. instead of the regular fit in progression he uses an F major fit in to a diminished 7th. This should resolve to a C major, but instead it goes back to F major. It then slides to an F minor chord, and then to an unexpected Db minor chord before another diminished 7th, at last resolving to C major, as it should.This motive is heard throughout the symphony, whether instead obvious as in the first three bars, or in the bass line as in bars 4-6. This unusual chord progression also explains why the last movement is in F minor, instead of the expected F major. The final movement of this piece leads you to guess of dark, dramatic struggle due to the F minor. Rather than a sad ending, he lets the clouds part and brings back the motive of F Ab F, and finishes his symphony as it began.The finale is lyrical, passionate and rich in melody. The motive is quoted besides before the recapitulation and the symphony ends very peacefully. Julie White Symphony none 3, Free Scores at The International Music Score subroutine library Project. Leonard Burkat notes for the 1998 re cording (Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra) Kamien R, (2000) Johannes Brahms. In Music An Appreciation (9th edition, P. 352) McGraw- Hill Walter Frisch. Brahms The quaternary Symphonies, New Haven Yale University Press (2003) 91 114

If You Need Love, Get A Puppy Essay

1. PCAOB describes headmaster skepticism as a general duty of c be that involve to be applied by the analyseor throughout the duration of the audit fight. Professional skepticism involves the attendant having a clear and quizzical wit regarding the assertions that be presented by solicitude or another(prenominal) customer soulfulnessnel. The auditor is instructed to not take the words or data presented by management as sufficient and discriminate audit evidence ex dressly quite the auditor needs to thoroughly audit the evidence with a forelanding mind to achieve reason subject assurance about the persuasiveness of the evidence. indecision is composed of three elements auditor attributes, mindset and actions. The PCAOB instructs the auditor to always question evidence presented by the auditor for the probability of loss, fraud or fiscal misstatement. go away, the auditor, exercised overlord skepticism in this case when it came to the mysterious hard currency tatt er payments for the tickets on 11/16. Having been conversancys with Jessica, have alone needed to exhibit a high level of skepticism. When Jessica produced the deposit comic strip for the $320 ticket and asserted that the deposit cabbage had probably f all(prenominal)en in between two cabinets in the vault, leave had the opportunity of taking Jessicas assertion as sufficient and appropriate evidence but rather decided to investigate get on and detect that the year on the bills was incompatible than the year of the ticket and that the ink on the deposit flight strip was different. provide then widened the sample size to larn if this was a singularity or evidence of an ongoing emersion/fraud.The two main conditions that could nominate affected his skepticism were his relationship with the process deliverer he was auditing and the materiality levels set forth for the audit. Jessica Randle, the wife of gives opera hat peer, was the process owner for the area Will was currently auditing. This presents an issue in that skepticism can sometimes be influenced by the relationships auditors conduct make with the battalion they are auditing. An auditor is to a greater extent presumable to recall the assertions made by someone they know and trust, and this directly hinders on their skepticism. Will might besides  contribute decided to not pursue supercharge with his investigation of hard notes deposits that are absentminded their deposit slip repayable to the amounts ($320), being below the materiality threshold of $5,000.This, coupled with the fact that he felt as if he was irritating his superiors by asking many another(prenominal) questions might project caused Will to simply abandon promote canvas the area. If Will had not been exercising professional skepticism, he would simply have taken Jessicas assertion as to why the deposit slip was missing as sufficient and appropriate evidence and moved on with another audit area. Jessica would have never gotten caught, and the fraud might have continued.2. The Generally Accepted Auditing Standards require that the auditor moldiness maintain emancipation in mental attitude in all matters relating to the audit. There are two types of independence that are required of auditors. Independence in port relates to others perceptions of auditors independence. It is of the utmost importance that users of the financial statements believe that the auditor is independent. For instance, if an auditor were to own even one deal in a company that he or she was auditing, third party users would likely see that auditor as lacking independence even if the auditor was truly unbiased and considered that share irrelevant.The jurisprudence of Professional Conduct addresses the issue of personal client relationships. The familiarity affright states that auditors having a close or long standing relationship with an evidence client or knowing individuals or entities (including by repu tation) who performed nonattest services for the client lack independence. Part e. of this section states that a piece of the attest engagement team whose close friend is in a key scene is unallowed. Wills independence in this case was questionable.His best friends wife, Jessica, worked for the client, but she did not hold a key position. Wills independence in fact whitethorn be comprehend differently by different users. However, Wills independence in mind seemed to be impaired in this case. He was clearly awkward accusing his best friends wife of fraud. Some cases may exist where auditors in similar situations were so uncomfortable that they looked the other way.The instrument that plays the greatest role in determining auditor independence is independence in mind. Auditors may or may not appear to be independent, but if the auditor is truly independent in mind, then the auditor can remain objective and unbiased. The profession should consider tightening the Code of Profes sional Conduct to address the issue of an audit team member knowing a close friend that holds any position at the audit client. If this scenario arises, the firm can still audit the client, but the audit member with the close relationship wont be able to be on the audit team.3. The evidence in the case is presented in a manner that bleeds to a voicelesser refute to Jessicas claim that the money had fallen between the cabinets as opposed to supporting her claim. The evidence that would lead to support her claim would be her statement that there could be some(prenominal) explanations as to why the ticket was missing. She originally suggested that the ticket most likely was included with the other money. later on finding the ticket, Jessica states a story of what must have happened was that the assistant clerks were working late one night and must have decided to include the deposit with the following mean solar days stick deposit. Thus, when the ticket was missing, no one find . All of these explanations mentioned are all responses to inquiries of client.This type of evidence is not conclusive and could be biased in the clients favor hence, why this is the only evidence that is in favor of Jessicas statement. When Will went back to his desk and counted the money he made sure the money on the slip was all there, $320, which is way downstairs the set amount of $5,000 for materiality on the job. However, he billd that the bills were furrow and has been printed in 2006. He checked this back to the bank deposit slip where he reconfirmed that the deposit was dated November 16, 2005. He then reconstructd it back to the cash know to find that it was indeed enter on November 16, 2005.This document trace is important evidence that clearly shows a dissension in the software documentation which lead to the starting time real line of evidence towards fraud. Another discrepancy that caught Wills eye was the entry in the in receipt book was recorded in black in k while the paternity on the envelope was in blue ink. Although this is not a strong form of evidence, it is enough to bring into question the evidence that has been traced back to recorded items.4. Effective controls that if installed would have prevented or detected this theft include separatism of Duties (SoDs) and Daily payment and bank deposit reconciliations. The first area of controls deals with the pass on books and proper SoDs. The recipient of cash payments should be different from the individual that records that cash payments into the Sheriffs computer records as nonrecreational. The other control deals with reconciliations. The morning after the daily payment vouchers are processed and deposited, a reconciliation by someone who was not a recipient of cash payments the previous day needs to be done to reconcile that the total amount deposited into the bank matches the bank statement of amounts deposited by check, cash and money order. A periodic reconciliation needs to be performed for all payments done by accredit card.5. After Will presented Vince with the evidence that he has piece after Jessica showed him the missing deposit slip along with the cash, the two decided to test viii more cash paid tickets. When five of the eight tickets were also not included in the bank deposit of the day, Will and Vince decided to have a meeting to discuss how they were going to proceed. With the evidence leading to double-tongued activity, the auditors could have decided to proceed in one of two ways. The first being to assess the level of materiality and decide if the amounts were immaterial, and if so they could leave the embrace as is. The other route the auditors could take is to further sample revenue, specifically the tickets paid in cash. If the decision is to proceed even further with the audit, there are multiple steps the auditors would take to reach rational assurance.First, they could examine internal controls to see if there was any other person who could have been using Jessicas name as a tail up, for she was not the only assistant Clerk of Court. Next, they could examine every cash transaction for 2006, and if the trend continues, examine through previous years. Along with further testing of the transactions, the auditors would be conscious of the level of materiality. The auditors could even go to the point of checking the bank statements to verify that the cash tickets arent being put with other cash deposits in the department. Ultimately, the auditors would have to contact the sheriff and police department to report their findings.In this case, the auditors may have decided to6. In pursuing the matter, Will faced a number of pressures. At first he was relate because Jessica was his best friends wife and he did not sense of smell comfortable working in the situation. But Vince Huston, the partner that he had commonly worked with assured him that knowing Jessica may not be such a bad thing. When Will was completing the audit and found that a cash receipt had not been deposited, he did not want to believe that Jessica was amenable so he double-checked his work and then he asked her about it. After receiving the bank deposit from Jessica, he was still skeptical because he had noticed a few minor things. The pen ink was two different colors in the receipt book and on the envelope. And then he noticed that it is impossible for a 2005 cash receipt to be paid for with a bill marked 2006.Will asked Jessica about the matter but she brushed it off and he was forced to report what he found out to Vince. In dealing with the misappropriation of assets of fraudulent financial reporting, auditors are to maintain professional skepticism throughout the engagement. This is because fraud is often attached by a person that the auditor least expects. In this case, it was Jessica. Will maintained his professional skepticism and did not let the fact that Jessica is his best friends wife affect his work. Auditors, in general, must also be aware of the basics of fraud awareness. Auditors should be able to notice any signs or signals of fraud and then be able to trace the documents back to anything that may help to uncover fraudulent activity.7. When most people make ethical decisions, one of the things they do is try to find alternatives to the business or situation and ask themselves what the consequences of those alternatives would be. In Wills situation, after finding out that Jess was involved in misappropriating the cash associated with the ticket he had the options of let what he had found out slide because Jess was his best friends wife, or confronting her about the situation and reporting her or permit her report herself.Ignoring the obvious signs that Jess was stealing money would only lead to her go on to steal more money. The auditor would be putting their career in jeopardy and it would be highly unethical of any auditor to act in this way because they have a responsi bility to maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit process. The other alternatives of reporting Jessica or letting her report herself to the authorities would be the right and ethical alternative to the situation. The consequences would be pretty much the same as they had turned out. Consequences for reporting Jess would be what they turned out to be. She would get punished for her crimes and on a more personal level, reporting her would lead to Will losing his best friend.