Cogeneration And Trigeneration Methods Engineering Essay

Cogeneration And Trigeneration Methods Engineering EssayCogeneration and trigeneration argon methods employ for producing to a abundanter extent than one useful form of efficacy from only one energy source. These both methods in todays world are very important because efficiency, raise prices and emissions are a great a concern. Both methods give the hazard to increase efficiency drastically up to 60% to 80% which is much(prenominal) more than the conventional force prove which has an efficiency of about 30%.1The 60% to 80% efficiencies that both methods present have a great effect on cost savings, reduced atm pollution, greenhouse blow emissions, increased spot reliability and quality, reduced grid congestion and avoided diffusion losses.2All these factors mentioned, as discussed before are all important and cogeneration and trigeneration encourage achieve this.Both agreements are normally have barely I ordain explain both cogeneration and trigeneration separatel y and then give drills were these systems are utilise in real life.CogenerationCogeneration is also known as have heat and power (CHP). Plants utilize a cogeneration system use the publish of for example a reciprocating railway locomotive to heat the premises. This pith that instead of throwing away(predicate) the turf out, it is world re employ but this beat as heat energy. This is done by using a heat money changer to transfer heat from the wear upon natural gas to process heat. Cogeneration kick upst railway liness a given amount of electric power and process heat with 10% to 30% less provide than it takes to lift the electricity and process heat separately.3Cogeneration combine Heat and Power manakin 1 Cogeneration diesel engine generator plant4Figure 1 to a broad(prenominal)er place shows a diesel engine driving a generator. give the sack in the form of natural gas, bio gas or bio diesel is used to run the engine. The engine is coupled to a generator which produces electricity. The plant above shows two heat exchangers, one for cooling system the engine and raising the used cold urine coming from process heat and the other is an pulsate gas heat exchanger only to raise again the temperature of the water for process heat. The water cooling the engine which is normally at nigh 90oC enters the heat exchanger (bottom one) which by heat transfers and the number law of thermodynamics is cooled but the cold waters temperature is raised. In the exhaust gas heat exchanger the temperature of the water already heated in the bottom heat exchanger is heated again and sent for process heat.A simple example is, imagine a hotel having a generator to produce electricity and at the moment its full of guests and the ambient temperature outside is around 2oC below zero. This means that the commutation rut needs to be running constantly to spare the guests in a comfortable environment. Therefore a lot of fuel is being used to heat up the boilers to produce travel for central heating. Imagine the hotel employs the plant shown in figure 1. No fuel will be used for heating because the fuel used to run the engine is also being used (indirectly) for process heat.There exist two main types of cogeneration techniques which are topping circle and bottoming round of golf plants.Topping oscillation cogeneration plantTopping wheel plants generate electricity or automatic power first. Some facilities may generate the electricity for themselves only and both(prenominal) may even sell whatever power that is not being used. There exist four types of topping cycle cogeneration plants.Combined cycle topping systemThe first type burns fuel in a gas turbine as shown in figure 2 or diesel engine to produce electrical or mechanical power. transit heat, or steam that then drives the secondary steam turbine is produced by the exhaust entering a heat recuperation boiler.5Figure 2 Combined cycle topping system6Steam turbine topping system The second type of system burns fuel which can be any type to produce high-pressure steam that then passes through a steam turbine to produce power. The exhaust provides low-pressure process steam as shown in figure 3.7Figure 3 Steam turbine topping system8Heat retrieval topping systemThis type burns a fuel such as natural gas, diesel etc. The cooling system (engine coolant) goes to a heat rec everywherey boiler, where it is converted to process steam and hot water for space heating.Figure 4 Heat recovery topping systemTherefore this type produces electricity, process steam, hot water supply and heating as shown above in figure 4.9 splatter turbine topping systemThis type of system uses a natural gas turbine to drive a generator. The exhaust gas goes to a heat recovery boiler that makes process steam and process heat as shown in figure 5.10Figure 5 Gas turbine topping system11Bottoming cycle plantsThese type of plants are less common then topping cycle plants. Normally this type of plant is used in heavy industries where high temperature furnaces are used.httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin85DwY_YF3UUR10BeU82NSHLX0kMZqru_D_9vfVCQv9GeMzuoN1-bmU_zR7T5yMILKY1Jucj_VNdAAz71kWjeM7ISz9kf53XL0RLzJ_hZM8Rv_6B4wj2Hea-BW6UBnbBElbs075WgoAc/s1600/bottoming-cycle-system-cogeneration.jpgFigure 6 Bottoming cycle system12After heating the furnace or any manufacturing heating process the waste heat is then passed through a recovery boiler. The waste heat is used to produce heat which then drives a steam turbine to produce electricity.TrigenerationTrigeneration also referred to combined heating, cooling and power (CHCP) is a system where this time three types of energies are produced from one energy source. The difference between cogeneration and trigeneration is that in trigeneration chilled water for air conditioning or process use is produced. This is done by using an absorption or adsorption chiller.Just as a cogeneration power plant grabs and makes use of the waste heat, absorption or adsorption chillers capture the waste (or rejected) heat and produce chilled water.13Ther efore the major advantage over cogeneration is that now if a plant whole kit and caboodle using trigeneration, hot water, air conditioning (using chilled water) and power generation. Therefore an industry having this system will authorize less money due to having a more efficient plant when compared to cogeneration and especially when compared to conventional plants.Adsorption ChillerAn adsorption chiller work purely using hot water. It uses the principle of using solid sorption materials such as silica gel and zeolites.http//www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/ chart/new/adsorption_sh.gifFigure 7 Schematic for an adsorption chiller14These type of chillers have a hearty structure and are easy to install. There are no possibilities of crystallization, corrosion, wild leaks, and the electricity consumption is minimal15. They are commonly used in a commercial environment. absorption ChillerAn absorption chiller works by using hot water, steam or combustion. The solution used contain s water and lithium bromide salt to absorb heat from the surroundings. No refrigerant is used which means no harm is done to the environment.http//www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/graph/new/absorption.gifFigure 8 Schematic for an absorption chiller16Absorption chillers are the most distributed worldwide and they are more efficient. Their lifetime is much longer than adsorption chillers. Moreover they have high maintenance time and low corrosion protection.17Say something small about trigenerators and put ceremonious of plant.

Manpower Planning in the Hospitality Industry

Manpower Planning in the Hospitality IndustryManpower Planning Manpower excogitationning dissolve be defined as the suppuration of devise to follow the yield of tameer to the availability of job at an presidential term. Manpower planning involves reviewing the afoot(predicate) work force imagery, and divination the future sine qua non of custody. the main objective of manpower planning is to making authoritative the demand of write out of individuals and skill to meets demand. This is a responsibility of the Human election passenger car to perk up sure the physical composition meets with the demand of manpower. Human Resource Manager when administering a buryview with the panorama has to make sure that thronedidate should meet the requirement of the job, like his fosterage and qualification, Training and Experience, Personal Attri neverthelesses.Source - Buzzle.comNeed of Manpower PlanningMarriott gives a parcel of grandness to manpower planning, as they ca st to decide for near couple of historic period how m any(prenominal) employees do they require as a plan for amplification, right for the entry level to managerial position.This go forth foster the organisation to expand their business.Employer support plan their drive exist and work according to it.By Recruiting current nookydidates will the attend the organisation with new and unique ideas which will help the conjunction to gain much commercialize sh argon.IT helps in innate growth of the employee within the organisation.Manpower planning helps the company to project right number employees to meet their demand. push back commercialize dodge- The operative class Market for Marriott is fluctuating, it keeps on changing as per the customer trend, but manpower st positiongy helps Marriott to work on a plan to manoeuvre how many faculty they require during busy duration.There argon cardinal external factor ins which influence on the summate and quality of tr avail in an organisation. It is c every last(predicate)ed as PEST (Political, sparing, Social, and engine room)PEST Analysis is a useful bastard in visiting for companies cultivation and its position in market, it besides helps to understand the prospective direction for the business, The pest analysis is a contraction of political, Economic , Social, Technology , Legal, Environment.www.businessballs.comPolitical - The Changes in the authorities policy whitethorn appropriate the organisation in many ways, in early this year the regimen changed in Value Added Service to 17.5%, changes in national minimum operate Marriott has a organisation will retain to re-plan their strategies for labour cost, changes in government policies and taxation will hamper expansion plans MarriottEconomic- Due to the world(prenominal) Economic crisis , most of organisation including Marriott had to made severe changes in their development plan and labour strategies. Due to recession organisatio ns be controlling the labour cost as the demand as gone down. Most of the organisation are facing problem of excess labour, there is more supply labour available than the demand, More than 2 million people are jobless in Britain.Social - Marriott has to be updated with the current customer trend, shaping has to be aware of demographic changes such as- age, population, region. To make any changes in their policies, Marriott has introduced Graduate Programme Development Opportunities for meeting the demand for manpower.Technology Marriott is been innovative and is spending good amount from the profit towards technology or alternative ways of service for e.g.- online booking, self check in and checkout. such(prenominal) innovation unavoidablenesss skilled workers and there is a tremendous opportunity for skilled workers. Marriot by Using of new technology helps proper workout of manpower of the organisation.Google docs slide manpower planning Maria PFactors to be Considered in by Marriott to estimate the demand for manpowerOrganization expansion- The memorial tablet looks for expansion of business in future to meet the expectation of customer. The future plan of Marriott is look to accommodate the tourist customer in their hotel for Olympic as these dejection create the future demand for labour. When the expansion of the organization is more then supply and demand ask to balance. The expansion is major factor for demand for labour in future.Internal demand- The internal demand can be promotion and dismal can be the factor for organization to create the demand and supply for labour. The top management and human resource also plays the major part for demanding the labour, such as recruitment of faculty requirement to met the expansion their growth.Economic factor- The economic factor plays the important berth in demanding the future labour. The economic growth can create the bonnie spending power of the customer. The business can be expand as hospital ity industriousness has invested more during the recession as the land rate has been drop and labour cost also. The strong economic of every find outry can create demand for labourSalary and Benefits The Salary and welfares can be one of the factors that can demand the manpower for future. The marriot are providing with erupt and higher pay with benefit were most of the employee are attracted towards Marriott. They are providing interrupt benefit then their competitor so that they can create a demand for manpower in future with this policies and plan of net income and benefit.Labour dollar volume rate -Number of employee leave the firm through dismissal or resignation during a menses to the number of employee on the payroll during the same period.dictionary.reference.com cypher labour turnoverNumber of staff leaving in a yearAverage number employed in the same period x 100This method of calculating turnover helps the organisation, to calculate manpower requirement for the future.Calculating labour turnover for Marriott for the year 2009, in different discussion sectionDepartmentNo of employee left the organisationNew Employee dollar volume %Kitchen81942.10526316Front Office223562.85714286 regimen Beverage16620780.19323671House keeping11015073.33333333Employee turnover has a crucial consequence on the supply of the labour to an organisation, the turnover can classified into devil category (1). Voluntary turnover ( 2). Compulsory turnoverVoluntary Turnover -Employee leaving job as he or she has found a new jobEmployee leaving the job callable geographical mobilityLeaving the job receivable to pregnancy.Employee leaving the job referable to ill-related problemsRetirementChanges in immigration lawworks conditionsCompulsory Turnover -Release for misconduct.Made bare due to recession.Release due to aesculapian condition.John StredwickEffects on organisation due to labour turnover-There is a direct expenditure involved in permutation process by th e organisation for Recruiting, Hiring and Training.At sequences organisation have staffs which are under-performing, if the under-performing staff decides to resign, it is advantageous for the organisation as they can apply somebody who is more productive and more skilful then the under-performing staff.2008/09 in the U.K due to recession most of the skilled/Unskilled workers were made redundant more than 2 million were unemployed during this period, As major eccentric approaching in 2012, the hospitality industry has to invest a lot direct cost in recruitments to match with the demand.Retention of an Employee- Means toilsome to stop the employee from leaving the organisation.Marriott can offer rise in salary/wages to retain the employee, depending on his skills and experience.Offer the employee an opportunities for in house teaching programme, which will help his development within the organisation.If the Employee is planning to resign due to the long working hours, the organ isation can offer him flexible working hours.If the Employee is not keen on continuing with a particular department for example Food and Beverage(Service), and wants to explore his skills in Front Office. Marriott as a organisation do have policy in place for inter department transfer.Marriott conducts a Exit Interview before the employee leaves the organisation, It helps Marriott to understand what they need to exercise or make changes in their work culture, which will help to control employee turnover.John StredwickForecasting for Manpower PlanningForecasting is a important action in setting up the business plan, forecasting can be from 1,2, or 5 years depending on for whom the plan is to be presented, Marriott needs consider the upcoming event in count as well.Share-holderBankPrincipal of motivation and Supply of LabourDemand and SupplyDemand HighSupply HighDemand first gearSupply LowTraining DevelopmentSelectionChanges government PoliciesLabour cost controlInternalPlacement ForecastingRedundant recruitmentDemotionTable above helps Marriott to forecast manpower demand and supply, if there is a rise in demand, and supply is high then the Human Resource Manager should recruit staff member and Manager should promote internal staff member to meet the requirement of the company, If demand and supply is moo than the manager should focus on forecast and training, if demand low and supply is high then the organisation has to control labour cost. Or may go to extend redundant some of the members of the staff.In Hospitality industry Demand and Supply of labour keeps on varying depending on the shells, Market trends, and Global crisis. There are few events which can be considered by human resource manager to predict the manpower demand.members.tripod.comMajor Event in United Kingdom in next 5 years2010- Women Rugby World Cup2011- Ryder Cup.2012- Olympics.2012- ICC Twenty 20 World Cup.2015- work force Rugby World Cup.http//www.code13.co.ukWorking Arrangement for Marriott as RecommendedFull -Time Employee -As a Full Time employee they are authorize to work 40 hours a week, Marriott has a ratio of 60 to 40 i.e 60% of their employee are full time, and 40% are part time employee. Full time are flexible when its comes to working hours. crash-Time Employee-As a parting Time employee they are authorize to work 20 hours a week, Part timers do get all the benefit as an employee, As they are students in United Kingdom they can hardly work for 20 hrs workAgency -Marriot should outsource labour through agency, When Marriott has event plotted they can contact the agency and outsource staff for the event. Marriott can practice this format of hiring outsource staff for a event as cost would be minimal then hiring a full time staff or a part- time staff.Contract-Marriott should employ, staff on contract. Employee on contract is beneficial for Marriott, as per the contract the employee can be associated with Marriott only(prenominal) last for 6 months. Contract employee would be getting the same benefit as a full time or part time staff of Marriott.Causal -Marriott can appoint causative staff which is beneficial for the organisation, as they dont have to give contract hours, they can use these causal staff depending upon the business of Marriott.Job Sharing-One job is divided up by two people, in this episode the benefit is which organisation provides is also shared. It is beneficial to the employer.Internship -Marriott Should hire students who are on internship through their college, this not only help their manpower planning, but also fill in the requirement of the organisation, Internship programme student get the same benefit as a full time employee.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKSStredwick, J. (2005)Human resource management.Second edition, UK, Elsevier Buttersworth-Heinemann 55-58.Marchington m and Wilkinson(2008) A Human Resource Management at work, People Management and development Fourth Edition.INTERNEThttp//www.buzzle.com/editorial s/9-12-2004-59200.asp Last Assessed on 17th January 2010http//www.businessballs.com/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htm last Assessed on 9th January2010http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/employee%20turnover Last Assessed on 2fifth January 2010www.members.tripod.com Last Assessed on January 5th 2010http//www.code13.co.uk/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=1412010-the-golden-decade-of-sport-beginscatid=39blogsItemid=2 Last Assessed on January 29th 2010 ledgerEvening Standard 24/01/2010. Page 1Marriott Handbook canon for an OrganisationAvinash Nayak767689Task 2Legislation for an organisationRecruitment and oeuvre - Is a process of hiring in the right candidate for the job to met the requirement of staffing.Working Time Regulation - This Law was brought into practice from October 1998, This law applies all the business and to all workers. Marriot has to comply with law, this law include -Maximum Working hours should not exceed more than 48hrs a week.Employee is entitled for daily counteract as per the contract.Employee is entitled for weekly break. For example- if he is working 6 days a week, he is entitled for 1 day off.Employee is entitled for Annual holidays.The law is in place for different age groups- 16-17 and 1816-17They are entitled to work 40 hrs a week,(8 hrs a day)They are entitled for a 30 mins break if the shift last more than 4.5 hrsThey are entitled for 2 days weekly off18They are entitled to work 48 hrs a week, not more than 6 days a week.They are entitle for a 20 mins break if their shift last more than 6 hrs.They are entitled for 1 day off a week.www.businesslink.comImplication-Employer should make sure working hours and breaks regulation are mentioned in the contract.Employee are entitled to get their break after 6 hrs, at least for 20 mins.Employer should make sure they give enough rest time between two shifts i.e 11 hrs rest time every 24 hrs.Application-A Line Manager should be appointed to monitor the daily time in and clock out thro ugh, Muster Book, latest software where an employee can clock in and out as well his breaks.Line Manager should make sure working hours of an employee should not exceed the contract hours totally Employees should be sign a copy of contract and understand the importance of complying with law, as it is beneficial for both the employee and employer.Statutory Provisions-Health and gumshoe Act 1974-This Act was brought into practice 1974 to make sure employer are providing a safe place for their employees to work.Implication -To make sure the working environs is safe for the employees of Marriot.Training Should be conducted on all the employees, so that they are aware what do they need to do in an event of accident.Equipment in use should be safe for use, in case of accidents should be reported. attack Exit should be free from any obstacles.Application -Have a Health and Safety committee, conduct the meeting on periodically bases, bump assessment should be completed on all employees.Tr aining files should be updated on monthly basis, as well Re-Fresher course should be conducted on all the employees every 3 to 4 months.Health and Safety teaching should be displayed as well the contact details in case of emergency.www.direct.gov.ukCodes of Practice -Disciplinary -Employer use this method to tell the employee that their act or their conduct is not up to the standards as likely. Needs to be improved.It is a 4 step process-1.Verbal Warning 2.Written Warning 3. Inform the employee about the conclusiveness 4. Appeal if the employee wants to make a appeal against the decision.Implication -Marriott can conduct the disciplinary with an employee only when there is a violation of organisation policies or in the case of employee is under performing.Marriott should have enough evidence to address disciplinary action against the employee.Application-Marriott should follow disciplinary procedure in a formal method, everything should be recorded for reference.Proper investiga tion needs to be done by the employer before coming to a decision.Employee will get a opportunity appeal against the decision.Employee has the right to demand report for the employer, on the decision.Employer may suspend the employee during the disciplinary process is going on.www.acas.org.ukOrganisation - field of study Minimum WageAct-This Act was brought into practice in 1998, the objective loafer this law was to a minimum wage that the employer(Marriott) needs to pay his employee. National Minimum wage differs depending on the employee age5.73 to 5.80 an hour for aged 22 and over.4.77 to 4.83 an hour for aged 18 to 21 years.3.53 to 3.57 an hour for aged 16 to 17 years.Implication -Labour cost of Marriott would be soaring, has they will have to give out a major portion from their income towards wages.Marriott will have to cut working hours of the employee to keep a control on labour cost.Marriott may layoff few of their employees, which will lead to unemployment.Application -Ma rriott should re -plan their systemMarriott may have to increase their room charges or menu hurt as they have to cover the rise in employee wages.Latest changes in the wages needs to be communicated to all departments and effective date as well.During the Peak time of the business, Marriott will have to hire temporary workers to meet the demand.www.direct.gov.uk

Areas to Support Children’s Learning and Development

Areas to Support Childrens square up and ontogenesisSupporting Childrens Learning and usingChildren are growing each(prenominal) the cartridge clip and their tuition reflects this, so, for example, when a electric shaver can pull themselves up they can on the spur of the moment reach things they couldnt before or when they turn around new language they vex to label objects such as b both or drink. The revise EYFS purposes the term Learning and Development to describe seven battlefields of learning. These are all related to each other however, they are divided into prime and precise areas.Prime Areas Personal, fond and Emotional DevelopmentCommunication and Language natural DevelopmentSpecific AreasLiteracyMathematicsUnderstanding the WorldExpressive liberal arts and excogitationIn ad get marriedition the revised EYFS refers to the distinct slipway that children learn as the characteristics of learning shimmering and exploring children investigate and experience things and have a go. Active learning children concentrate and keep on act if they encounter difficulties and enjoy achievements. Creating and thought process critically children have and develop their induce ideas, make neckties in the midst of ideas and develop strategies for doing things. Together with the prime and proper(postnominal) areas these comprise the slamledge, skills and experiences that are maturementally appropriate for children from birth to 5 years.Personal, Social and Emotional Development Involves helping children to form positive relationships, to develop societal skills and learn how to make love their feelings and develop respect for others. Personal, Social and Emotional Development is make up of these aspectsSelf Confidence and Self Awareness Children are confident to try new activities and say why they like whatsoever activities more than than others. They are confident to speak in a beaten(prenominal) assembly, talk near their ideas and say when they do or dont need help.Managing Feelings and Behaviour Children talk well-nigh how they and others immortalize feelings, talk ab fall out their stimulate and others behaviour and that some behaviour is unacceptable. They work part of a group and understand to espouse rules.Making Relationships Children crop co-operatively, taking turns with others. They become account of one anothers ideas or so how to organise their activity. They testify sensitivity and form positive relationships with adults and other children.Communication and Language Involves fine-looking children the opportunity to develop their confidence and skills. To give children the best opportunity for developing communication and language. Communication and Language is made up of these aspectsListening and financial aid Children listen attentively in a point of situations. They listen to stories and oppose to what they hear with relevant comments or questions. They give their attention to wh at others say and suffice appropriately fleck engaged in another activity.Understanding Children follow instructions involving several ideas or actions. They answer how or why questions about their experiences and in response to stories and events.Speaking Children express themselves effectively. They use past, present and afterlife forms accurately when talking about events that have perished or are to happen in the future. They develop their witness narratives and explanations by connecting ideas or events.Physical Development Involves providing opportunities for unripened children to be active and interactive, and to develop their co-ordination, control and vogue. Children must as well be helped to understand the importance of physical activity and to make rubicund choices to food. Physical Development is made up of these aspectsMoving and Handling Children base good control and co-ordination. They move confidently in a range of ways. They handle equipment and tools effectively, for example, pencils for writing and climbing equipment.Health and Self Care Children screw the importance for good health of physical exercise and a estimable diet and talk about ways to keep healthy and safe. They manage their own basic hygiene and personal needs including dressing and way out to the toilet independently.The Specific AreasLiteracy Literacy development involves encouraging children to link sounds and letters and to aim to read and write. Children must be given access to a capacious range of reading materials such as books to ignite their interests. Literacy Development is made up of these aspectsReading Children read and understand simple sentences. They use phonic drive inledge to decode regular words and read them aloud accurately. They contend understanding when talking with others about what they have read.Writing Children use their phonic kip downledge to write words in ways which match their intercommunicate sounds. They write sim ple sentences which can be read by themselves and others. Practitioners could second writing skills by providing sand to promote writing.Mathematics Involves providing children with opportunities to develop and improve their skills in counting, understanding and using numbers, calculating simple addition and price reduction problems and to describe shapes, spaces and measures. Mathematics is made up of these aspectsNumbers Children count faith richly from 1-20 place them in order and say which number is one more or one less than a given number. Using quantities and objects, they add and subtract two single digit numbers and count on or back to find the answer. Practitioners could supply building blocks and numbered jigsaws to help acquit this.Shape, Space and measures Children use frequent language to talk about size, weight, distance, time and money to compare quantities and objects and to solve problems. They recognise, create and describe patterns. They research charact eristics of e trulyday objects and use mathematical language to describe them. Different sizes and shapes of building bricks and blocks could be used to promote this.Understanding the World Involves guiding children to make reason of their physical world and their community through opportunities to explore, observe and find out about people, places, technology and the purlieu. Understanding the World is made up of these aspects citizenry and Communities Children talk about past and present events in their own lives and family members. They know about similarities and differences between themselves and others and among families, communities and traditions. Practitioners could use pictures and photographs to display diametrical cultures.The World Children know about similarities and differences in relation to places, objects, material and living things. They talk about their own environment and how environments might vary from one another. Children leave alone in addition deve lop an understanding to share for their environment. Practitioners should support this by getting children to care for plants or a small vegetable patch.Technology Children recognise that a range of technology is used in places such as homes and schools. They get hold of and use technology for particular purposes. Younger children use mechanical toys while older children could share, in turn, using a computer.Expressive Arts and Design Involves enabling children to explore and play with a wide range of media and materials. This area supports childrens curiosity and play. They explore and share their thinking, ideas and feelings in music, in art, movement and dance, role play and technology. Expressive Arts and Design is made up of these aspectsExploring and using Media and Materials Children sing songs, make music and dance. They safely use and explore a variety of materials, tools and techniques experimenting with colour, tendency, texture, form and function. Practitioners c ould use tape recorders, cd players and melodic instruments.Being imaginative Children use what they have learnt about media and materials in passkey ways thinking about uses and purposes. They represent their own ideas, thoughts and feelings through design and technology, art, music, dance, role play and stories. Practitioners should digest a variety of role play materials and support childrens imaginative ideas.Children develop and learn in different ways. Practitioners need to look at what skills and knowledge the children are demonstrating and consider ways to support the child to streng consequently and deepen their current learning and development skills. This will ensure that the individual needs of the child are met. in that respect are 3 characteristics of effective learning to help us focalise on and understand how children learn.Playing and ExploringFinding out and ExploringUsing what they know in their playBeing willing to have a goThis characteristic of learning fo cuses on a childrens engagement with the resources they use, the environment they are in and the people around them. Children should have opportunities to be concern in open ended, hands on experiences prompted by their own curiosity. Childrens play experiences should enable them to prove things out that interest them, initiate activities, seek challenges, develop a can do attitude, and be willing to take a risk in trying out new experiences and begin to see failures as a learning opportunity. Play also provides the link to the areas of learning and development and gives the opportunity for children to explore their own feelings, views and ideas.Active LearningBeing involved and ConcentratingKeep TryingEnjoying and Achieving which they set out to doActive Learning focuses on the role of intrinsic motivation which supports long term success. Children need to be able to follow their interests for long periods of time, fully engaged in what they are doing and concentrating deeply. I n their activities, children should be encouraged to deliver challenges and keep on trying if they encounter difficulties. Practitioners should help children to value the rewards of their own success.Creating and Thinking CriticallyHaving their own ideasUsing what they already know to learn new thingsChoosing ways to do things and finding new waysCreating and thinking critically highlights the importance of observing how children are thinking. Children have and develop their own ideas. Children should have many opportunities to be creative, generating new ideas, being inventive, finding problems and challenges and computing out their own ways to solve them. By respecting childrens ideas will give them confidence to try out new experiences. Children from a very young age enjoy organising and processing information, creating patterns and making predictions based on what they already know.Children develop and learn in different ways. There is a great deal of overlap between the ages and stages because all children develop at different rates and at their own pace. This should be remembered when planning activities. bear to 11 months babies enjoy being held and cuddled. They enjoy the company of others. Practitioners should ensure that all supply are aware of the importance of attachment and to get staff to say hello and goodbye as this develops a secure and bank relationship. Practitioners should plan to have one to one contact with babies and provide toys/objects to be sucked and squeezed and provide space to roll around and explore.8 20 months babies and young children will now start to build relationships with special people. They start to show an interest in activities so practitioners could provide push along toys and trikes for exterior play.16-26 months children start to play alongside others and play co-operatively with a familiar adult. Practitioners could then play name games to get everyone to know each other. Plan play activities to get childr en to explore new toys and environments such as trikes, pushchairs for dolls, dough, sand and cds and story books.22-36 months children now show an interest with others and want to join in. Many form special friendships with others. Practitioners can provide resources that promote co-operation between two children like a bat and ball. Provide safe spaces so children can run around safely, kick a ball and use A frames. Practitioners can discuss with other staff how each child responds to activities and build on this to plan future activities.30-50 months children now play at bottom a group and initiate play. Practitioners need to provide space and materials for group play, for example, lego.40-60 months Practitioners need to ensure that children have opportunities to play with everyone in the group and to provide activities that involve taking turns and sharing. Practitioners need to plan time and space for industrious play and plan activities where children can practice moving, throwing, climbing and kicking. Experiment different ways of moving.

Subject Of Language And Identity

up to(p) Of Language And IdentityI nourish chosen this subject of lecture and identity, which leads to the death of a speech, if quarrel dashs. Language and identity comes under my course, plowshare 1, under wrangle and cultural context. On the 4th of February 2010, while look for through BBCs website I stumbled upon a captivating and according to me a truly sad member. It read last lectureer of ancient phrase of Bo dies in India, Boa sr.s story saddened me, she died at the age of 85 and for almost thirty years she didnt piddle anyone to converse with in her native spoken communication. Imagine non being able to use English for thirty years, you loose the liberty to express in your first terminology. As a journalist I knew what it meant for the sphere to loose a lyric, its disheartening, in essence a break up of history and culture is lost, I believe it is as important to assert and extradite a language as it is to save and preserve the environment, however ev eryone is not aware of the adverse affects language death can cause. As a journalist, I thought of it as my moral responsibility to build light on language death and its adverse effects. Thus, I wrote this article and decided on publishing it in a newspaper as it would reach a larger group of hatful and educate them on why they should preserve their native language.Language deathApproximately 7000 languages bylast in todays world and this number is rapidly dwindling, is it a cause for botheration?As globalization parcel outs around the world, it is instinctive that sm solelyer communities would like to apparent movement out of their isolation and seek interaction with the rest of the world. The number of languages end is sorrowful. People naturally tend to shift their language use delinquent to globalization and they leave behind their native language if it is not intercommunicate by a lot of people. Asking them to hold onto a language they do not want anymore and preser ve it, just for the interestingness of linguists and not the community itself, it is a bit too much to pick out for, isnt it?But theres actually more to it than what meets the eye.Why fight this?A topic geographic study states that every 14 days a language dies. By 2100 more than half of the languages spoken on this earth may disappear, taking away with them a wealth of knowledge on world history, culture and natural environment. Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going. Rita Mae BrownThis quote by the American author Rita Mae Brown gives us an insight into why preserving a language is of importance. A language defines a culture, through the people who speak it. Every language has words that describe a particular cultural practice or idea, when translated into another language, the precise meaning might not come across. What we essentially lose is cultural heritage. The way of expressing the relationship with natu re, with the world, it is also the way in which people express humor, their love, their life most importantly communicating in effect with family is lost. Languages are living, breathing organisms holding partnerships that define a culture. When a language dies a culture is lost.Because of the pen up links language and identity share, if an soulfulness or group thinks of their language as useless, they think of their identity as the same. This could have adverse effects it could lead to depression, drug abuse and cordial disruption. And as parents no coherenter pass on their language to their children the connection between grandparents and children is lost which leads to traditional values not being give on and theres a vacuum that remains where people for generations realize they have lost something.many languages are in danger of extinction thathave full-bodied oral cultures with stories, songs, and histories passed on from generation to generation, but with no particular pen form. Much of what us humans know almost nature is encoded in oral languages. For thousands of years now native groups have interacted closely with the natural world and have insightful understanding on local lands, plants, animals, and ecosystems. Many still are not documented by science itself. consequently studying indigenous languages proves to be beneficial while learning about the environment and conservation.Sanskrit is one such ancient language that is loosing its prominence and its speakers lessen everyday. It was said to be the mother of all languages. Sanskrit is not practically utilize and maybe that is one of reasons of its decline but I believe it should be conserved because of the traditional values it possesses and because of its richness in culture. Take for voice Arthashastra, it is an Indian treatise written in Sanskrit which deals with statecraft, economic policy and military schema it was written all the way back in 4th ascorbic acid BC. These concep ts are not new and modern, they have been around for a long time now, if we do not conserve Sanskrit we will loose all of this valuable knowledge and also lose a piece of history. every is not lost for those who want the itty-bittyer languages to survive.Another such language dying out is Palenquero. Palenquero is thought to the one and only Spanish-based Creole language in Latin America. Fewer than half of the community speaks it. It is spoken in the village of San Basilio De Palenque. Many children and young adults understand the language and pronounce a few phrases, which is a great sign as the village of San Basilio De Palenque is act to preserve its language and spread it, the villages resilience is commendable. And other communities whose languages are close to extinction should look at them as an example.Why do languages die out though? Throughout history, the languages of powerful groups and imperial countries have spread while the languages of the smaller cultures and gr oups have become extinct. This happens due to official language policies and also the allure of speaking a highly prestigious global language such as English. These trends explain why a small coun punish like Bolivia would have more of language diversity alternatively than a big country like the USA.As big languages spread, children whose parents speak a comparatively smaller language tend to grow up learning the more dominant language. Those children may never learn the smaller language, or they may just forget it as it falls out of use. These trends have occurred throughout history, but what is alarming and worrying is the rate at which languages are disappearing, it has significantly accelerated over the recent years.Associations and initiatives such as Enduring voices, Living tongue, and the endangered languages project by Google are stressful to preserve language and that is a sign of hope. The organizations that are involved and that have come up with these ideas are national geographic and Google.The death of a language is an indication of a human crisis the loss of a workshop of wisdom, the sense of a community being thrown away. As we try to stop global warming and save the environment, we should also try and save our languages, as they are an integral part of our heritage.

The pathophysiology of a disease: COPD

The pathophysiology of a illness COPDThis assign custodyt will discuss the pathophysiology of a disease process of chronic preventive pulmonary disease (COPD). It will besides show how biological, psychological and the social aspects of the disease that flock put up an put on on an individuals day to day life. COPD stands for chronic clogging pulmonary disease. This is a term employ for a number of conditions including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.COPD leads to injured shineways in the lungs, causing them to become narrower and making it hard-foughter for air travel to get in and expose of the lungs. The word chronic means that the problem is retentive-term. COPD is a condition which generally affects people oer the age of 40, and COPD has a higher prevalence occurring among women than men (NHS-Choices, 2008). COPD is too a condition that is long term and incurable that nominate restrain a serious affects on health and quality of life, its non fully understood why COPD develops. (Marieb, 2003). The student will also merged local and national health and social policies, including frameworks that ar in address in relation to the patients illness. The student identified a patient named Mrs J. She was admitted to hospital due to exacerbation of COPD. Her primary diagnosis is Osteoarthritis of the Hip alone also had symptoms of emphysema. Mrs J is a 55 year old women and is married, Mrs J also has an older child whom she has become quite dep destroyant on and felt like she had impacted on her childs life and had become a hindrances. Mrs J has become much inanimate as her condition develops over time and more so while she was lying in buns unable to carry out her daily activities such as doing the housework, unoccupied activities, also looking after her appearance as she normally would sire done at home. COPD is becoming one of the fastest leading causes of deterrent (NHS choices, 2008). According to British Lung Foundation, (2010) a recent survey, 83% of COPD patients said their COPD slows them down, 79% said they had to cut down their activities and 56% said their condition has a great affect on their families. COPD is the most common respiratory conditions in adults in the developed world and poses an enormous burden to society both in terms of direct cost to the healthc atomic number 18 services and confirmative costs to society through loss of productivity. Recent analysis estimated that subject Health Service (NHS) spends 818 million annually in the United body politic (UK). (British Thoracic Society, 2006). However 50% of the cost is accounted for by poorly managed exacerbations resulting in frequent re-admissions to hospital (Coakley Ruston, 2001).Mrs J condition would of been triggered by her heavy gage, the toxins from her cigarettes has make her bronchioles ( air hose and lungs) become inflamed and narrowing the air hose, this will lead to irreversible damage to the respiratory system by obstr ucting the bronchial airflow and hindering vaporific exchange wi undersized the alveoli (Munden, J, 2007). Mrs J suffers from many symptoms due to her bullet these befool shortness of breath, a persistent cough, yellowish green sputum, signs of cyanosis to her lips, also Mrs J has continued to smoke as she thinks the damage has already been done so her condition. The vast majority of COPD patients are smokers. By stopping smoking patients can slow the rate of decline in lung function and thus repair the patients prospects in terms of symptoms and survival.The National Institute of Clinical Excellence focusing on COPD states that All patients still smoking, regardless of age, should be encouraged to stop, and offered servicing to do so, at every opportunity.These deliver a small window glass of medicine to the lungs, causing the airway muscles to open up. Bronchodilators are also potent in preventing over-expansion of the lungs. Short- playacting beta2-agonists are the most commonly used short acting bronchodilaors for COPD. Their effects last for about 4 hours. Short-acting antichloinergics are also used as bronchodilators.Long-acting beta2-agonists are similar to the short-acting agonists described above exactly their effect lasts for 12 hours.Lomg-acting anti-cholinergics need only be taken one time a day.The NICE guidance recommends that short-acting bronchodilators should be used for the initial intervention for breathlessness and exercise limitation and goes on to say that, if this isnt having an effect accordingly the treatment should be intensified using eith er a long bronchodilator or a combined therapy with a short acting beta2-agonist and a short-acting anticholinergicThe respiratory system is the major part for squanderes exchange to take place, it renders takes the air that enters are bodies when we inhale and travels through the respiratory system, exchanging atomic number 8 for coke dioxide and expels carbon dioxide when we ex hale (munden, J, 2007). In the NHS there is a tool to sum up the smoking load and the packs in a year this tool is called smoking pack tool, this was used to see the damage that Mrs J had caused by smoking for so many long time.This is because the seriousness of the disease depends on how much and how long the individual has smoked for.Mrs J has been smoking now for 45 years and on a average day having up to 40 cigarettes a day and is not prepared to quit as she feels the damage is already done. Mrs J smokes for comfort and feels that its all for her pleasure, she has become very isolated, her chronic bronchitis makes her breathless when doing actives and is not able to do her daily activities therefore is becoming depressed. Do this having a huge impact on her mental and social split of her life.Patients with COPD have traditionally been divided into knock puffers and sullen bloaters based on their physiological response to abnormal blood gases. The former work hard to maintain a normal pO2 which is why they puff away. They tend to have a barrel- castingd, hyperinflated chest and breath through pursed lips. The latter are blue because of hypoxia and polycythaemia. They are often obese and have water retention. This is why they are bloated. The blue bloaters are dependent upon hypoxia for their respiratory drive and to give oxygen and deprive them of this will lead to signficant hypercapnia and acid base imbalance. Although this impression is widely taught and acknowledged academically, in clinical practice patients tend not to be clearly in one or the other of these 2 categories (NICE Clinical guideline (2004)Patients like Mrs J with airflow limitation clinically they have become known as pink puffers and blue bloaters (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Mrs J falls under the term blue bloaters as she linked to chronic bronchitis due to cyanosis which is a blue tinge to the lips, which occurs from poor gas exchange.pink puffers has been linked to emphysema as the pa tients may be showing signs of saddle loss, using their accessory muscles with pursed lips giving them a reddish complexion, they may also adopt the tripod sitting position (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Although these conditions separate the patient may range with slight variations of them both, however they do differentiate through their underlying process, signs and symptoms (Bellamy Booker, 2004).Airways and air sacs within the lungs are manly elastic, with the air we breath the lungs change shape with inhalation they expand and return to the normal shape after they have been stretched with air.Mucociliary clearance is an important primary innate defense mechanism that protects the lungs from ruinous effects of inhaled pollutants, allergens, and pathogens. Mucociliary dysfunction is a common feature of chronic airway diseases in humans. The mucociliary apparatus consists of three functional compartments, that is, the cilia, a protective mucous secretion layer, and an airway surface liquid (ASL) layer, which work in concert to move back inhaled particles from the lung.The nose and nasal cavity are composed of ciliated columnar epithelium cells which contain chalice cells and cilia, the chalice cells are responsible for secreting mucous secretion which is able to trap the at pathwayiver particles from inspired air and the cilia which are fine hairs that can trap larger particles. The cilia carrys the particles by a sweeping bowel movement this is swept to the mouth or nose where it can then be swallowed, coughed or sneezed out of the body in order to prevent these particles from go into the lungs (Munden, J, 2007).The twain major sources of mucous secretion secretion in the respiratory tract are the surface epithelial goblet cells and mucous cells. In lungs, goblet cells are present in the large bronchi, becoming increasingly thin toward the bronchioles. The submucosal glands are restricted to the large airways with their density decreasing with airway c alibre. In chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD and asthma, submucosal glands increase in coat (hypertrophy), and the number of goblet cells is increased (hyperplasia), becoming more dense in the peripheral airways, via a phenotypic conversion of nongoblet epithelial cells (metaplasia) (Rogers, 1994Jackson, 2001). The increased of goblet cells density to ciliated cells in the bronchioles, under the conditions of hypersecretion, this impairs clearance of mucus.Lung histology from patients affected by COPD and asthma also shows the presence of edema, which can further reduce airway caliber and compromise lung function. A marked airway infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes is also present, principally neutrophils in COPD and eosinophils in asthma (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998). In clinical studies, these rabble-rousing parameters have been shown to correlate with a reduction in lung function (FEV1) and an magnify bronchoconstriction airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to nonspec ific stimuli (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998). Smoking has many effects on the airways. Inhaled smoke destroys the cilia that are important for moving mucus to the throat for swallowing. As a result, mucus accumulates in the bronchioles and irritates the sensitive tissues there, causing a cough. Coughing is vital as it is the only way smokers can remove mucus from their lungs and keep the airways groovy (Rubin, 2002). This is characterised by the smokers cough.Constant coughing to clear the sputum has an effect on the smooth muscle of the bronchioles which becomes hypertrophied (enlarged or overgrown). This in turn causes more mucus glands to develop.The goblet cells are replaced within the small airways (bronchi) with Clara cells they are another(prenominal) form of secreting cell these are important they form ciliated cells and to armed service regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium, they produce hypophase component and a protease inhibitor these attend protect the lungs by mopping up debris (Stokley et al, 2006).To accomplish gas exchange the lung has two components airways and the alveoli. The airways are two branching tubular passages that allow air to move in and out of the lungs, the wider segments of the airways are called the trachea and the two bronchi going to the right and left lung. The smaller segments are called the bronchioles and at the end of the bronchioles are the alveoli which are thin walled sacs like a bunch of grapes small blood vessels (capillaries) run in the walls of the alveoli this is where gas exchange between air and blood takes place. (Matterporth Matfin, 2009).Rogers, 1994Jackson, 2001Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004) Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary takeCOPD. BMJ Clinical Evidence. www.clinicalevidence.com, accessed 10 June 2009Textbook of aesculapian Physiology (10th edition)Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2000) W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia London.Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease September 2005.Britton M The burden of COPD in the U.K. results from the Confronting COPD survey. Respir Med.2003 Mar97 Suppl CS71-9. abstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004) Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary careLacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, et al Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18(4)CD003793. abstractBarr RG, Bourbeau J, Camargo CA, et al Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18(2)CD002876

African Diaspora Essay examples -- African Diaspora Cultures

In simple terms, the Diaspora as a concept, describes groups of people who currently live or reside extraneous the original homelands. We impart approach the Diaspora from the lenses of migration that the migration of people through out of the African continent has different points of origin, different patterns and results in different identity formations. Yet, tout ensemble of these patterns of dispersion and germination/ assimilation represent formations of the Diaspora. My paper will cerebrate on the complexities of the question of whether or not Africans in the Diaspora should return to Africa. This will be focused through the lenses of the different phases in the Diaspora. The historical Diaspora confirms pre-colonial planetary dispersion and resettlement of Africans. These communities of relocated Africans identified and maintained a society with Africa, while still maintaining a Loyalty to their adopted country and reservation valid and posi tive contri neverthelessions. This brings us to a in the raw question, what exactly thus are the identities of the African Diaspora and how was that identity forged under (in and after) slavery? personification Brah best illuminates the journey of identity formulation through the literature of the African Diaspora she wrote Diasporic identities are at once local and global. They are networks of the transnational identifications cover imagined and encountered communities (Brah, 1994). An individual can activate any number of choices on the lane to their identity, thus the context and historical processes must be investigated. The Diaspora originated from historical and heathenish experiences of the Jewish and Greek people, ... ...s as a group and to effective opponent to oppression. Theres no need in returning to Africa. Despite Cesaires construction of pre-colonial Africa as an aggregation of warm, communal societies, he never calls for a retu rn. His concept of Negritude is future-oriented and modern. His dapple in Discourse is unequivocal and sterile attempt to repeat the past, but to get beyond. It is not a dead society that we want to revive. We drop dead that to those who go in for exorcismIt is a new society mystifying with all the productive power of modern times, warm with all the community of olden days.(Cesaire, 2000) James Aggrey said many years ago that in that respect is a new Africa coming today and it is a challenge to civilization. Joseph Harris added that the new Africa today is the world of African people, of Africa and its Diaspora.

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

Capital Punishment I deep read an article from the ACLU, written by Adam Bedau. It explained, quite eloquently, that for golf club to execute a murderer made confederation no fracture than the murderer himself. He said, The executioner is no better than the criminal. I was affect by this moral stance, but I was surprised to read that he failed to apply this logic consistently. For example, the he went on to argue that life immurement would be a more appropriate penalty for murder than death. victimization this ACLU logic, it appears that for our society to lock someone in a room against his testament and not free him for a considerable length of time makes our society no better than the everyday kidnapper. But if an individual locked another up against his will, wouldnt the ACLU view this as kidnapping. Being from the Methodist faith I found this argument somewhat difficult. For in the Bible there is a scripture that states, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. I presume th e ACLU would mate that beatings or torture are also unacceptable forms of penalty for crimes. They count to be inhumane. Yet in Eastern cultures, if one steals something, they lose a finger or two and sometimes an entire hand depending on the severity of the crime. This seems to be reason enough not to steal, as in these cultures there is a very low theft rate. Maybe the ACLU would find oneself a monetary fine a more appropriate punishment? For society to take money away from someone against his will without gravid him any tangible goods in return would make society a thief. Of course, the Bedau also explains that capital punishment brutalizes society, leading to even more murders. If we, as a society, adopt this no-punishment position, it logically follows that there would be less crime. once criminals realized that no matter what they did, no fellow citizen would lift a finger to stop them, why, theyd just be so subdue with the generosity of their neighbors that theyd natura lly be inclined to become upstanding, creative citizens.

Product Layouts and Group Technologies Essay -- Operations Management

Product Lay forths and Group TechnologiesIn todays world of operations management, lay come out of the clo drivens of manufacturing functiones play a key role in achieving and maintaining long term goals. These layouts need to be well thought out and cargonfully planned for they can effect the cost or producing goods and delivering work for many years into the future. Layouts be dependent on the technology utilised and product type manufactured. There atomic number 18 four typical layouts bear upon layout, product layout, fixed position layout and combination layout. A combination layout is a layout that shares properties of two or more layouts. Such as a crowd technology layout that shares characteristics of a process layout and a product layout. Theyre akin(predicate) in that the cells are designed to perform a specific pock of processes, and it is sympathetic to product layout in that the cells are dedicated to a circumscribed range of products. from each one l ayout usually involves compromise and balancing of the process variables and its always debatable whether the perfect layout actually exists. The purpose of layout planning is to increase the efficiency and profitability of a manufacturing operation to allow consistency and persona in products to be produced to allow flexibility and ease of adaptation for machinery and output personnel to products as required by the market(Anonymous 2). Some characteristics of a good layout would be minimum material movement, workstations close together, easily adaptable to changing conditions and one plant floor so that everyone can befool whats going on. To define and explain, a product layout is a product-orientated layout that is get for producing one standardized product in typically large volumes. each unit cosmos produced requires the same sequence of operations from beginning work end. During times when product demand is high enough and sustainable everyplace a long period of time, it is usually cost effective to arrange resources from a process layout to a product layout. In certain cases the equipment layouts are arranged so that the product in manufactured in a sequential and continuous arrangement. A good example would be an group line. Assembly lines can vary widely either they can be virtually 100 percent parts assembly by workers or by a transfer line where all the work being done is by machine.An assembly line is ... ...erformance. For example the decision to invite a process layout which often conclaves workers according to skills may not be compatible with an operation requiring some persons of all skills to produce a conversion of different products.For process and product layouts, the design begins with a statement of the goals and facility. preliminary examination layouts are then designed to meet these goals. After initial designs name been developed, improved designs are sought through numerical analysis and raillery with the users. The development of a layout should involve everyone that it is effecting. Computer based models can be used for preliminary estimations to create some preliminary layouts using domestic dog or similar drawing software. The layouts then can be examine against the goals of the facility and improvement made if necessary. In summary while in that respect are a lot of tools for good layout planning and each layout are dependent on the type of products and external variables impacting on the manufacturing process. A good layout planner working with manufacturing staff and management should work through objectives and options to particularise the optimal solution for a given facility. Product Layouts and Group Technologies taste -- Operations Management Product Layouts and Group TechnologiesIn todays world of operations management, layouts of manufacturing processes play a key role in achieving and maintaining long term goals. These layouts need to be well thought out and carefully planned for they can effect the cost or producing goods and delivering function for many years into the future. Layouts are dependent on the technology apply and product type manufactured. There are four typical layouts process layout, product layout, fixed position layout and combination layout. A combination layout is a layout that shares properties of two or more layouts. Such as a group technology layout that shares characteristics of a process layout and a product layout. Theyre similar in that the cells are designed to perform a specific set of processes, and it is similar to product layout in that the cells are dedicated to a circumscribed range of products. Each layout usually involves compromise and balancing of the process variables and its always debatable whether the perfect layout actually exists. The purpose of layout planning is to maximize the efficiency and profitability of a manufacturing operation to allow consistency and bore in products to be produced to allow flexibility and ease of adaptation for machinery and business personnel to products as required by the market(Anonymous 2). Some characteristics of a good layout would be minimum material movement, workstations close together, easily adjustable to changing conditions and one plant floor so that everyone can bet whats going on. To define and explain, a product layout is a product-orientated layout that is inhibit for producing one standardized product in typically large volumes. Each unit being produced requires the same sequence of operations from beginning till end. During times when product demand is high enough and sustainable oer a long period of time, it is usually cost effective to rearrange resources from a process layout to a product layout. In certain cases the equipment layouts are arranged so that the product in manufactured in a sequential and continuous arrangement. A good example would be an assembly line. Assembly l ines can vary widely either they can be virtually 100 percent parts assembly by workers or by a transfer line where all the work being done is by machine.An assembly line is ... ...erformance. For example the decision to comply a process layout which often groups workers according to skills may not be compatible with an operation requiring some persons of all skills to produce a signifier of different products.For process and product layouts, the design begins with a statement of the goals and facility. former layouts are then designed to meet these goals. After initial designs take a shit been developed, improved designs are sought through numerical analysis and discussion with the users. The development of a layout should involve everyone that it is effecting. Computer based models can be used for preliminary estimations to create some preliminary layouts using hotdog or similar drawing software. The layouts then can be study against the goals of the facility and imp rovement made if necessary. In summary while at that place are a lot of tools for good layout planning and each layout are dependent on the type of products and external variables impacting on the manufacturing process. A skilled layout planner working with manufacturing staff and management should work through objectives and options to pose the optimal solution for a given facility.

Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn †Controversial :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

  Huckleberry Finn Controversial   It seems like a never-ending question. When will we ever let it rest? You know the question Im talking approximately should the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn be taboo from American Literature courses? Its been argued from so many different standpoints, but it has never been settled. Is Huckleberry Finn really a moot book?   No, I do not agree with the banning of Huckleberry Finn. This book is considered to be a classic. It explores the depths of our past in many different ways. Those who think the book to be controversial in all likelihood have never ever read it before. Most likely, theyre basing their judgments on the excessively used word, nigger. For those who have read the book and still feel requisite to ban it are obviously missing the key points of this American classic. If you empathize Huckleberry Finn, then youll realize its not close to slavery or racism. Its about macrocosm unprejudiced. In the book, Huck admits that Jim had an uncommon level head for a nigger. If you were to take out the black and white scenario, you would see that this quote is distinctly nothing but acceptance. Huck is accepting Jim, regardless of his ethnic background. If you looked deeper, you would as well as see, the book is about nothing less than freedom and the quest for freedom. Its about a slave who breaks the law and risks his life to win his freedom and be reunited with his family. He was lucky enough to have a friend who do him his best friend and helped him to escape. Truly this isnt controversial its real life.   Another controversial aspect of the book would be the use of the word nigger and its being in the book over 200 times creates constant scrutiny. I feel the word was not used to be racist and its customs duty in the book gives great representation of the way life was during the pre-civil contend era. People need to grasp the concept that thats how black were treated then. In todays society, we would find quotes such as, Good gracious Was anybody hurt? Nom. Just a nigger, APPALING But in fact, it was written in an earlier time mountain when quotes like that were okay to say.

With it’s tight structure, poetry can accommodate great passion. Do :: English Literature

With its tight structure, poetry tummy reserve bang-up passion. Do you agree with this statement? You should base your suffice on a close examination of two or triple poems covering at least two groups.With its tight structure, poetry can accommodate great passion.Do you agree with this statement? You should base your answer on aclose examination of two or three poems covering at least two groups.Although it could be argued that poetry can accommodate great passionI disagree with this statement. The two poems I require chosen toexamine, Marged by Gillian Clarke and Do non Go gloomy into ThatGood Night by Dylan Thomas, show different perceptions that I retrievedisprove the statement. The first, Marged, is lacking in emotionand the second, Do not Go Gentle, does more than accommodate thepassion, it emphasises and releases the feelings felt by the poet. Marged by Gillian Clarke is a Shakespearean sonnet, with threequatrains and a couplet at the end, however the poet has adapte d theform to change the style of the poem. For example the lines do nothave ten syllables as a normal sonnet alone turn in length. Also thereis only a half-rhyme scheme with lecture such as bed and died in thefirst quatrain on spring lines. It could be argued that the tightstructure of the sonnet restrains the passion felt because of thesyllables but as Gillian Clarke has ignored this rule and hasdifferent numbers of syllables this sonnet does not constrainpassion. This argument would apply more if Clarke had written a hot poem but as it is the poem is lacking in emotion of anykind. Marged is about Clarke thinking of the previous owner of thehouse she lives in. The wrangle do not emote a sad mood Clarke is remember the dead old lady but is herself distanced from the deathand therefore does not feel sad. The use of the preposition sheshows the reader that the feelings are distanced use of you wouldhave make the poem more direct and emotional.In contrast to this, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by DylanThomas is a very emotional poem in the traditional form of avillanelle. Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night is addressed tothe poets father and is invocation that the man doesnt die quietly. Theuse of you makes the poem very ad hominem and it is clear from thestart of the poem that the poet feels very strongly about the issue. In the title and first line the emphasis is on the words Not and

The History Of Computers :: essays research papers

THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS     In vitamin D B.C. the abacus was prototypic used by the Babylonians as an aid to simple arithmetic. In 1623 Wihelm Schickard (1592 - 1635) invented a "Calculating Clock". This mechanical machine could add and work out up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell. J. H. Mueller comes up with the idea of the "difference engine", in 1786. This calculator could defer values of a polynomial. Muellers attempt to raise funds fails and the project was forgotten. Scheutz and his tidings Edward produced a 3rd order difference engine with a newswriter in 1843 and their government agreed to fund their next project.In 1886 Dorr D. tangle (1862 - 1930) invented the "comptometer". This was the first calculator where the operands are entered by just pressing keys. In 1889 in also invents the first printing desk calculator.          Herman Hollerith (1860 - 19 29) founded IBM ( as the Tabulating Machine caller-up ) in 1896. The company renames known as IBM in 1924. In 1906 leeward D. Forest in America developed the electronic tube (an electronic value). Before this it would have been impossible to make digital electronic computers. In 1919 W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan published the first flip-flop circuit design.     George Stibitz constructed a 1-bit binary adder suing relays in 1937. This was one of the first binary computers. In the summer of 1941 Atanasoff and cull completed a special purpose calculator for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations, later called "ABC" ( Atanasoff Berry Computer). In 1948 Mark I was completed at Manchester University. It was the first to use stored programs. In 1951 whirlwind was the first real time computer was built for the US Air Defense System.     In 1953 it was estimated that at that place were 100 computers in the world. Computers buil t between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as the "second generation" computers, based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much small computers. 1964 the programming language PL/1 released by IBM. 1964 the launch of IBM 360. These first series of compatible computers. In 1970 Intel introduced the first RAM chip. In 1975 IBM 5100 was released. In 1976 the apple Computer Inc. was founded, to market Apple I Computer. Designed to Stephen Wozinak and Stephan Jobs. In 1979 the first compact disk was released around 1981 IBM announced PC, the standard model was exchange for $2,880.00.     In 1994 according to Microsoft MS-DOS was running on some 100 million computers worldwide.

Smoking: I Can Stop Whenever I Want :: essays research papers

Smoking I Can Stop Whenever I WantGood afternoon,I can stop whenever I want. Does that blend familiar to you? if it does you arprobably part of the 80% smokers who are teens. And studies show, that young personsmokers are likely to experience doing drugs, selling drugs, and so forth. Youngsmokers start take at 12 or 13 comely to total a taste of what its like.Some of them find it disgusting and unhealthy and roughly find it cool usu every(prenominal)ybecause their peers introduced it to them. Tobacco use kills about 420,000smokers separately form. Recent studies also indicate that about 53,000 non smokersdie each year from mho hand smoking. You surprised heh? You shouldnt be,because all of those anti tobacco commercials on Television and on every singlepack of cigarettes isnt at that place for nothing. Its there to pr eventidet all of youteens to get hooked on cigarettes or even phone about starting to smoke.Smoking is legal almost everywhere in the world, but it shoul dnt be becauseMarijuana smoking isnt. Cigarettes are addictive and they usually lead thesmoker to marijuana use or to some other kind of drugs. Thats why I think that youngteenagers shouldnt start smoking at young age. All of you people out there whothink that they can stop whenever they want, well I have news frighten off for you. 1out of 10 smokers succeed in quitting smoking in United-States. Everyone thinksthat they have an iron will and they keep on delaying the time to stop, Illjust stop as my new year resolution, Ill stop in a month, a week, a year.Smoking is really hard to quit, its an addictive enclothe and you really need aniron will to stop it. There are also a few consequences I think I should noticefrom ciggarette smoking. First of all, as you all know, ciggarette smoking turnsyour teeth yellow so you can forget about those perfect teeth with the crestsmile. The second consequence is, smoking costs around 4 $ a mean solar day for a normalsmoker which comes up to 2 500 $ per year, think what you could do with all that

Essay --

Societys role in criminalizing statutory muff cases play a big part on how batch look at the different cases. In society every whizz expects for a jr. girl to be with an older guy, so nation may non see a priority in statutory rape laws. Considering that it is prevalent for women to date and marry slightly older men (M.W., 1998). Since it is not defective for younger girls and older guys to be together most people do not see an age gap of about three years that big of a deal. But if these people do not extend a case of statutory rape then they be technically endangering a pocket-sized. Males in society do not see masculine statutory rape victims as victims. These men look at it as a pat on the back to the young boys who were sexually participating with adult women. The men also make comments saying that they wish they could suck been in that position when they were young. Some people in todays society do not downstairsstand the priority of really enforcing statutory rap e cases unless there is a huge age difference or the victim was a young girl instead of a boy. The media has a big part in which cases will be recognized. The media tends to show effeminate victims and adult male offenders more than they would male victims and adult female offenders. feminine offenders should be broadcasted just as much as the men and should not get privileges just because they are women. Statutory rape laws and child trades union laws greatly clash. According to Cocca, of all brides in 1970, 13% were under 18 in 1980, 8.2%, and in 1990 3.7%. Of all grooms 1970 2.1 were under 18 in 1980 1.3% and in 1990 0.6 (Cocca, 2004). Yes over time the percentage of adults and minors getting married has dwindled, exactly it was not right to go along with in the first place. In some states... ...sibility of being parents when they cannot even legally say yes to sex.Statutory rape laws are far from perfect. Statutory rape laws are discriminating towards boys and dark-skinned towards girls. No law should be gender specific especially one that consists of people who are endangering minors. These laws have discriminated boys for over 150 years. The law should be fair to both genders and give boys the voice the need in the cases. all over the years statutory rape cases have gone underreported, mainly because people do not witness the cases themselves. Most of the lost cases involve minor males and older females. Even though some cases have been reported they do not get as much publicity as the cases relations with young girls and adult men. Boys should get the same amount of protection under the statutory rape laws as girls do the young men are victims just as girls are.

Born Too Early Essay -- essays research papers

According to the American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI), everywhere 400,000 babies are born untimely or at a impression birth weight. As a result of being born proterozoic they are more likely to require high-technology intensive and specialized consider in the hospital and follow-up care as infants and children. As a result, many have chronic medical problems and developmental problems. Some of the problems contain of respiratory distress, feeding issues, language delays and several other problems.As a mother of a premature infant, I know these issues are a major concern when the baby is born and the stress that it can ramble on the families. In order to be able to deal with the positioning effectively you have to acquire information and learn the good and the magnanimous that come with having a premature infant. When a baby is born prematurely there are a number of tests that the baby has to go through. prototypical the doctors and nurses have to assess the baby s heart, lungs, color and temperature. If the baby is having incommode with any of these things then it is taken into what is called the neonatal intensive care unit. In some of the smaller hospitals they arent equipped with the technology that is needed to delay the baby alive and the baby has to be transported to a bigger hospital, normally to a hospital in a metropolitan city in order to get the proper care. After the baby has been assessed for problems then it is watched close ...

Comparing Tell Tale Heart and The Black Cat :: comparison compare contrast essays

recognise Tale Heart and The Black spew. The 2 suddenly stories that I ask chosen by Edgar Allan Poe are The Tell Tale Heart and The Black Cat. These both stories in particular have many things in common as far as proficiency goes, but they do have some significant differences between the two. In this paper I will try to compare and contrast these two short stories and hopefully bring something to the subscribers attention that wasnt there at first. unrivaled of the main differences in these two short stories is the way in which the occupyer finds egress the ending of the stories. In The Black Cat the reader finds out the ending of the story in the conventional format. At the end of the short story. However, in The Tell Tale Heart the reader knows the ending at the very beginning of the story. An advantage of having the story come full passel is that it allows the reader to try and focus on other aspects of the story such as why and how. Poe makes the ending very c lear to the reader, in doing this he makes the reader read with anticipation. The anticipation that is created makes the story more enjoyable. The Black Cat is written in the more traditional sense, which has its advantages as well. A traditional way of writing is having the story flow from beginning to end. Poe is able to mount the characters as the story goes along and of course by not cunning the ending the story is full of surprises that make it unpredictable. Another difference in technique that Poe uses between the two short stories is the way that the anger in rigid. In The Tell Tale Heart the main characters anger is placed on the direct object of whom he has problem with, but in The Black Cat the main character chooses to displace his anger on to an animal whom he had no prior qualms with. I think what Poe was try to convey was that sometimes our anger is directed at the things that really cant shin back, in a normal circumstance (in the story there were eerie aspe cts with would not occur in a normal environment). As we read the story and see how the man is displacing his anger we realize that at maven time or another we have all done this.

Essay on Appearance versus Reality in The Handmaids Tale

Appearance versus Reality in The Handmaids Tale   Imagery is an in force(p) piece used by writers. It allows readers to be one with the story and to get out hold on the actions and thoughts conveyed by the author. In Marg atomic number 18t Atwoods The Handmaids Tale, actions and stoves of Offred and other individuals parallel with the makeup of way versus universe. These images much(prenominal) as food and nature are reoccurring to further emphasise the theme. The gustatory and olfactory images of food and perfume, as rise up as the kinaesthetic and visual imagery of cutting flowers and intimate sexual congress juxtapose the discontent of Offreds flavour as a servant.               Food is a image of fulfillment. As the novel opens, we are quickly associated with it as Rita asks Offred to pick up things from the market place store. reinvigorated eggs, ... cheese, ... steak, ... and peas with this image, the read er visualizes the food, as well as smells and tastes it (15). With this vivid jumpy image of food, it appears that Offred and the handmaids are nourished and fulfilled with not that nutrition, merely in life as well because food is a symbol of life. moreover in actuality, Offred is not fulfilled with her life because of the lack of independence she has, and the rest handmaids fell the same way. The food that they embellish is not as profuse as Atwoods gustatory and olfactory images make them out to be. The handmaids diets are controlled, peculiarly those of expecting mothers, by other individuals. The olfactory image of lemon oil, enceinte cloth, weaken daffodils, the leftover smells of cooking, ... and of Serena Joys perfume Lily of the Valley, introduce a new constituent of reality into the n... ... is an image of coming into court versus reality. Serena Joy grips Offreds hands as if it is she, not Offred, is having parley with the Commander (121). On a larger scale, it appears that the utopia is satisfying, but in reality, it is only a fantasy, and amplified vision of sadness.               The gustatory and olfactory images of food and perfume, as well as the kinesthetic and visual imagery of cutting flowers and sexual intercourse contrast with the un contentment of Offreds life as a handmaid in Atwoods novel The Handmaids Tale. Atwoods use of imagery parallel with her use of the theme appearance versus reality. Though all the images of flowers, food, and sex seem to suggest happiness among the inhabitants of the utopia, in reality, they are underlying symbols of the dystopia they represent. Essay on Appearance versus Reality in The Handmaids TaleAppearance versus Reality in The Handmaids Tale   Imagery is an effective element used by writers. It allows readers to be one with the story and to better comprehend the actions and thoughts conveyed by the author. In Margaret Atwoo ds The Handmaids Tale, actions and images of Offred and other individuals parallel with the theme of appearance versus reality. These images such as food and nature are reoccurring to further stress the theme. The gustatory and olfactory images of food and perfume, as well as the kinesthetic and visual imagery of cutting flowers and sexual intercourse juxtapose the discontentment of Offreds life as a handmaid.               Food is a symbol of fulfillment. As the novel opens, we are quickly associated with it as Rita asks Offred to pick up things from the grocery store. Fresh eggs, ... cheese, ... steak, ... and peas with this image, the reader visualizes the food, as well as smells and tastes it (15). With this vivid boisterous image of food, it appears that Offred and the handmaids are nourished and fulfilled with not only nutrition, but in life as well because food is a symbol of life. But in actuality, Offred is not fulfilled with her life because of the lack of freedom she has, and the remaining handmaids fell the same way. The food that they embellish is not as rich as Atwoods gustatory and olfactory images make them out to be. The handmaids diets are controlled, especially those of expecting mothers, by other individuals. The olfactory image of lemon oil, heavy cloth, fading daffodils, the leftover smells of cooking, ... and of Serena Joys perfume Lily of the Valley, introduce a new element of reality into the n... ... is an image of appearance versus reality. Serena Joy grips Offreds hands as if it is she, not Offred, is having intercourse with the Commander (121). On a larger scale, it appears that the utopia is satisfying, but in reality, it is only a fantasy, and amplified vision of sadness.               The gustatory and olfactory images of food and perfume, as well as the kinesthetic and visual imagery of cutting flowers and sexual intercourse contras t with the unhappiness of Offreds life as a handmaid in Atwoods novel The Handmaids Tale. Atwoods use of imagery parallel with her use of the theme appearance versus reality. Though all the images of flowers, food, and sex seem to suggest happiness among the inhabitants of the utopia, in reality, they are underlying symbols of the dystopia they represent.

Its Time to Make Prostitution Legal :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Its Time to Make harlotry Legal   Prostitution has long been called the worlds oldest profession. For as long back as we have records, severalize can be found of people selling sex for round sort of gain. When the colonists were running around slaughtering the natives, they also were enjoying the pleasures of local prostitutes. In quaternionth part century, Athenian orator Apollodoros stated we have courtesans for pleasure, and concubines for the daily service of our bodies, simply wives for the production of legitimate manglespring and to have reliable guardians of our household property. And still in progressive America, a land were people claim to be the most socially advanced, harlotry is an il effective act that results in the sheltering of rapists, medicate dealers, and abusers.   Legalization of prostitution could solve a lot of problems caused by its smuggledity, plainly its unlikely that those rich old white guys in Washington argon going t o manipulate the deepen. They prefer to ignore the issue, occasionally making the emblem gesture at trying to end it completely. Reality check folks, if prostitution has been around this long, its not going anywhere. You can throw more laws at it, up the punishment, even do like Minnesota and post those arrested for prostitution (not those just found guilty) and stick their pictures on the internet, nevertheless you arent going to change reality. Nevada has already seen the light...why not the rest of plain?   If this country were to legalize prostitution, we could make a fortune while also improving the health of our country and the character behind it all. Look at Nevada. Lets take prostitution off the streets by requiring services be offered in a brothel or on appropriate web sites. As for the common streetwalker, arrest them for solicitation, but just solicitation, no more tacking on the prostitution part. smorgasbord the law to require condoms and regular health checks and AIDS testing. Where prostitution is legal in Nevada, the number of AIDS cases among the workers is now down to 0 (where the illegal hookers have topped 25% infection...thats a one in four chance of paying to get AIDS).   By having it legal, prostitutes will no long-run have to fear going to the cops when they get raped or beaten.

Present Career, Carrer Interest, and the Value of a College Education E

Conflicts Resolutions inwardly Work GroupsThere ar many issues to consider when public lecture to the highest degree working within a ag base. One of the major things is conflicts betwixt the groups members. People provide al trends have conflicts among themselves and with others it is just a way of life. One of the conflicts that occur within a group is drop of Leadership, some integrity needs to be in charge and keep everyone else pointed in the right direction. Another conflict among groups is Group Roles everyone needs to know where they contact into the puzzle and what is expected of them. Also everyone needs to have coinciding Schedules, that way you know the work is getting done. All of theses problems add up to one of the biggest issues in a group, which is Disagreements and or Arguments. When one thinks of leading the first thing that enters there mine is Mentoring. Having the power and the ability to guide, motivate and lead others in any given task are concrete attributes of a reasoned loss leader. When one or on the whole of these does not happen there is likely a come up behaved sign of lack of leadership. Bosses are often charge of not motivation their workers. They assume that if a person is hired for a job they should perform their job and the motivation should come from the fact that they are receiving a paycheck. This could be deemed as a true statement if the bon ton does not believe in promoting a police squad environment. When a boss, director, group leader or who ever is put in to a leadership position does not motivate their subordinate there is usually a lack in performance. People enjoy working for leaders with good motivational skills. Motivation skills discover what people are capable of doing and how well they can do it, plus encourage them to strive to do more than than piece taking pride in what they have done. All leaders have to make decision. Once a leader demonstrate inadequate decision making skills it is extremely hard to be effective. This leader will find it very hard to get people to trust his or her decision. Poor decision would be a decision made with modest regards of the consequences. Poor decisions are often made with little consideration for others. This leader will not be an effective leader without getting gentility and develop techniques for good decision making. Poor communication can be very damaging in any environment. A poor communicator transmits in a way th... ...resolution may also be employed. This method digresses to a loser and a winner. Once the competition is complete, one team member(s) is joyful at the expense of their opposition. Although this method can be used constructively, it may also result in a further wedge between the team members.Collaboration is the accumulation of all of the members contributions. It meets the teams goals, while supporting the individual needs of the team members. It often involves a more creative approach than the oth er methods, and usually results in an entirely various solution than used in the past. Collaboration is the exact opposite of all of the other methods, and can involve more time being infallible to resolve the issue.There are many different conflicts to consider when talking about working within a group. Leadership, Roles, Schedules, and Disagreements will always be an issue when people have to come together and work as a team. Though by working as a team the team members can band together to overpower or hold in the issues at hand. People will always have conflicts among themselves and with others it is just a way of life

School Bullying: Methods to Prevent This Ongoing Cycle :: Social Issues, School Authorities

tutor blustering(a) occurs in both realm of society. Students suffer harmful make when they are emotion everyy and physically abused. Society must(prenominal) take active measures to end this ongoing evil of students and help prepare yard bullies in understanding the effects of their actions. wizard in every ten students is bullied at some file in their education process (Will 1). The FBI National Center for Analysis of trigger-happy offensive observed that the victimization of students occurs much a good deal in exoteric tames (Will 2). The victims of blusterous suffer from emotional distress, and they often declare difficulties making friends (J hunch 346). The stressed victims will have problems in the workforce and their future family if deterrence cincture strong in develops. School bullies whitethorn demonstrate their agency in several ways. School bullies whitethorn mock peers, spread bestial rumors, dissolution cruel pranks, or use physical for ce to promise to their sign that they are in charge (J Love 346). Furthermore, cyber- blustering(a) is a emergence cause in this technologically advanced society (J Love 346). Children often have unsupervised access to sites such as facebook and twitter. These sites make it unstrained for inform bullies to discriminate other peers. Solutions to help end nurture hectoring must be thought out carefully by all school authority figures. One get on many schools have move is called a systematic approach. This approach involves strict enforcements specific to school bullying (Will 3). School authority figures are responsible for enforcing the rules in this system. In doing this the school bully is directly singled out as responsible for the violence in the classroom. Although this approach is tumefy-meant it does not resolve the root of the problem. The authority figures cannot possibly dig out why a school bully bullies (Will 3).School government activity victoriou s interventive measures is another idea in helping prevent school bullying. Schools may start placing cameras on busses to catch acts of aggression from school bullies. Moreover, school officials may perform locker searches for any evidence of bullying, and they may claim security measures guards (Will 3). These measures often violate childrens sense of privacy. Although this measure is too well intended, it can have unanticipated results. Many children feel an crusade to guerilla when they feel their privacy is invaded, therefore this method may attempt more harm than good.School Bullying Methods to Prevent This Ongoing round of golf Social Issues, School AuthoritiesSchool bullying occurs in every realm of society. Students suffer harmful effects when they are emotionally and physically abused. Society must take active measures to end this ongoing injustice of students and help school yard bullies in understanding the effects of their actions. One in every ten stu dents is bullied at some point in their education process (Will 1). The FBI National Center for Analysis of Violent Crime observed that the victimization of students occurs more often in public schools (Will 2). The victims of bullying suffer from emotional distress, and they often have difficulties making friends (J Love 346). The distressed victims will have problems in the workforce and their future family if bullying stays strong in schools. School bullies may demonstrate their power in several ways. School bullies may mock peers, spread vicious rumors, play cruel pranks, or use physical force to ensure to their target that they are in charge (J Love 346). Furthermore, cyber-bullying is a growing trend in this technologically advanced society (J Love 346). Children often have unsupervised access to sites such as facebook and twitter. These sites make it effortless for school bullies to discriminate other peers. Solutions to help end school bullying must be thought out ca refully by all school authority figures. One approach many schools have attempted is called a systematic approach. This approach involves strict enforcements specific to school bullying (Will 3). School authority figures are responsible for enforcing the rules in this system. In doing this the school bully is directly singled out as responsible for the violence in the classroom. Although this approach is well-meant it does not resolve the root of the problem. The authority figures cannot possibly comprehend why a school bully bullies (Will 3).School authorities taking interventive measures is another idea in helping prevent school bullying. Schools may start placing cameras on busses to catch acts of aggression from school bullies. Moreover, school officials may perform locker searches for any evidence of bullying, and they may hire security guards (Will 3). These measures often violate childrens sense of privacy. Although this measure is also well intended, it can have un anticipated results. Many children feel an urge to rebel when they feel their privacy is invaded, therefore this method may cause more harm than good.